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Giseikan Shikiden : The Logic behind awarding land to top ministers of Japan's ancient state
[in Japanese]
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MITANI Yoshiyuki
… First, in contrast to the Tang system in which shikiden was allocated to all government bureaucrats, in Japan allocation was limited to the top decision-makers (giseikan 議政官) of the Ministry of State (Dajokan 大政官) above the post of Dainagon 大納言 (Chief Councilor). … Finally, there was no system in Japan for paying grain in lieu of receiving land, like in China, since it was thought only natural that the whole portion of arable should be granted. …
Shigaku zasshi 120(7), 1240-1263, 2011-07-20
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