Ainu and Ryukyuan Cranial Nonmetric Variation: Evidence which Disputes the Ainu-Ryukyu Common Origin Theory.

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  • Dodo Yukio
    Department of Anatomy, Tohoku University School of Medicine
  • Doi Naomi
    Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
  • Kondo Osamu
    Department of Anatomy, Tohoku University School of Medicine

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Presence or absence of 22 nonmetric traits was recorded in the crania from the islands of Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima of the Ryukyu Islands. Their trait-frequency patterns were compared with the samples from East/Southeast Asia and the world using Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) statistic, principal coordinate analysis, and neighbor-joining clustering algorithm. The results indicated that the Ryukyuan samples aligned with the East/Southeast Asian “Mongoloid” cluster and are far distant from the Jomon/Ainu cluster. These results do not support the prevailing view which favors a common origin of the Ainu and Ryukyuan peoples. Moreover, evidence based on morphological and genetic data supporting the present conclusion, and populational uniqueness of the Jomon and Ainu were discussed.

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