環日本海文化の変遷 : 花粉分析学の視点から

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  • The Sea of Japan : Influences on the Evolution of Japanese Civilization and Environment
  • カン ニホンカイ ブンカ ノ ヘンセン カフン ブンセキガク ノ シテン カラ

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The Japanese archipelago is surrounded by the sea. Thisgeographical factor by definition, greatly influences on the biologicaland physical environments and man's daily activities.But such marine conditions as surface temperature, salinity andcurrents have been subjected to change as the consequence of sealevel fluctuations during the alternations of Glacial and Interglacialstages. This article attempts to clarify the relationships betweenthose marine changes and the evolution of Japanese civilizationand biological and physical environments since 50,000years BP.An eco-historical study of the man and sea relationships explainsthe following characteristic historical "turnabouts" :Ca. 33,000 years BP. Before 33,000 years BP, the climatewas cool and moist, with the increasingly elevated winter precipitation.Owing to heavy snowfall, glaciers developed in the highmountains. After 33,000 years BP the climate became cold anddry. The maximum cold epoch lasted from 21,000 to 18,000years BP, and a dry climate prevailed. Snowfall on the Sea ofJapan coast decreased to more than one-third of present precipitation.That decrease of winter precipitation was caused by afall in sea level that weakened and sometimes interrupted theentrance of the warm Tsushima Current which promoted a heavysnowfall. In archaeological terms, the characteristic turnaboutin the composition of stone implements occurred around33,000 years BP. Before that time, choppers, chopping tools andhandaxes were dominant elements of the stone implements, where-as after 33,000 years BP a new blade technique appeared. Isuppose that this characteristic change of stone implementsaround 33,000 years BP was closely related with the environmentaltransition from an oceanic to a continental climate.Ca. 12,000 years BP. That was an opening epoch for theoceanic climate in Japan, during which the indication of increasingsnowfall emerge. This climatic amelioration was caused bythe beginning of entrance of the warm Tsushima Current intothe Sea of Japan. But at that time the rise of sea-level was notenough to permit a full-scale entrance of the Tsushima Currentthat occured about 8,500 years BP. Corresponding with thisstart of the oceanic climate, around 12,000 years BP, the oldestearthernware appeared in southwestern Japan. It is noteworthythat the invention of this oldest earthernware coincides with theopening period of the oceanic climate. I conclude that the inventionof earthernware in Japan arose when man's daily activitiesdepended on the products of temperate broad-leaved forest whichwere suited to the oceanic climate.Ca. 2,500 years BP. The Jomon culture flourished under thewarm climatic condition that lasted from 8,500 to 4,500 yearsBP. But after this warm epoch, the climate became cool andmoist. Especially at about 2,500 years BP, there occurred oneof the peaks of this late post-glacial climatic deterioration. Oneof the characteristic phenomena was that, the agricultural activitystarted in the midst of this climatic deterioration. The incidenceof archaeological evidences of buckwheat cultivation by theLatest Jomon man increases after this climatic change. I supposethat this climatic deterioration in late postglacial time caused asouthward migration of the human beings. People knowing thetechnique of buckwheat cultivation probably migrated southward,especially from the Manchuria, and arrived at the Japanesearchipelago by passing through the Sea of Japan.

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