中央アンデス南部高地の環境利用 : ペルー，クスコ県マルカパタの事例より

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  • Environnmental Exploitation on the Eastern Slope of the Southern Central Andes : A Case Study of the Agrico Pastoral Society of Marcapata, Cuzco, Peru
  • チュウオウ アンデス ナンブ コウチ ノ カンキョウ リヨウ ペルー クスコケ

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Since the publication of the ethnohistorical studies of Murra[1968, 1972] on the nature of environmental exploitation amongCentral Andean populations, "vertical control" or the "model ofverticality" has been a major theme in Andean ecological and economicanthropology. Subsequently several contemporary studies of"vertical control" have appeared . Three types of "vertical control"have been analyzed by Brush [1977] and four by Onuki [1978a].This article examines "vertical control" both from technologicaland from socio-cultural perspectives, using data obtained duringfield research carried out in Marcapata district, Quispicanchisprovince, department of Cuzco, Peru. Field work was conductedfor some six months in 1978-1979.The district of Marcapata is divided administratively and socioculturallyinto four agrico-pastoral communities. All the corn-. munities are situated on the eastern slope of the Andes and eachcontains various ecological zones, ranging in a short distance fromsub-tropical rainforest to the nival, through the ceja vegetation zone.These different ecological zones are exploited and managed bymembers of each community and economic self-sufficiency isachieved on the community level.In this article the socio-cultural characteristics of the fourcommunities of Marcapata and the different ecological zones, inrelation to the exploitation of natural resources, are first outlined.Next the relationship between ecological zonation and nativeconcepts of the various habitats is discussed. The agrico-pastoralsystems, including maize and potato farming, practiced in the differentecological zones, are analyzed. Since economic selfsufficiencyis not always achieved on the household level, the discussionfocuses on mechanisms of interzonal exchange and reciprocity.Finally, the characteristics of the patterns of environmentalexploitation found in Marcapata are compared with othertypes of "vertical control", and problems in need of further studyare specified.

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