Total Synthesis of the Squalene Synthase Inhibitor Zaragozic Acid C

Zaragozic acids and squalestatins were documented by Merck, Glaxo, and Tokyo Noko University/Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation as part of a program aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of squalene synthase, as well as farnesyl transferase. These natural products have attracted considerable attention from numerous synthetic chemists because of their therapeutic potential and novel architecture. This review highlights our total syntheses of zaragozic acid C by two convergent strategies. The key steps in our first-generation synthesis involve 1) simultaneous creation of the C4 and C5 quaternary stereocenters through the Sn (OTf)_2-promoted aldol coupling reaction between the α-keto ester and silyl ketene thioacetal derived from L- and D-tartaric acids, respectively ; and 2) construction of the bicyclic core structure via acid-catalyzed internal ketalization under kinetically controlled conditions. The second-generation strategy relies on a tandem carbonyl ylide formation/1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition approach and features elongation of the Cl alkyl side chain through an olefin cross-metathesis as well as high convergency and flexibility.