Large Inclusions in Plain-carbon Steel Ingots Cast by Bottom Teeming

DOI Web Site 8 Citations 46 References
  • Zhang Lifeng
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
  • Rietow Bret
    Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  • Thomas Brian G.
    Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  • Eakin Ken
    Ellwood Quality Steel Company

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Abstract

Inclusions in industrial-cast bottom-teemed ingots of plain carbon steel are investigated using ultrasonic detection, optical microscope observation, and SEM analysis. The composition, size distribution, entrapment locations, and sources of ingot inclusions were revealed by examining all the macro-inclusions (larger than 20 µm) that were observed in 35000 mm2 of sample surface area. Based on 78 non-sulfide inclusions observed, around 3.23×107 macro-inclusions per m3 steel exist in the ingot, with a size distribution increasing with decreasing size. Inclusions are distributed uniformly within a given horizontal section through the ingot, but with more found towards the bottom. The largest inclusions exceed 7 mm and originate from mold flux in the ingot. The largest inclusion source appears to be reoxidation, as evidenced by 59% of the ingot inclusions composed of pure alumina clusters and lumps. Eroded refractories from the ladle well block and ladle inner nozzle bricks accounted for 31% of the ingot inclusions.

Journal

  • ISIJ International

    ISIJ International 46 (5), 670-679, 2006

    The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

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