A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated <i>Echinochloa</i> in East Asia inferred from non‐coding region sequences of <i>trn</i>T‐L‐F

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<jats:p>The phylogenetic relationship among 30 accessions belonging to nine species of the genus <jats:italic>Echinochloa</jats:italic> Beauv. was studied on the basis of the sequence of three non‐coding regions (<jats:italic>trn</jats:italic>T‐L, <jats:italic>trn</jats:italic>L‐F intergenic spacers, and <jats:italic>trn</jats:italic>L intron) of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). A strict consensus parsimonious tree of the three most parsimonious trees derived from 25 polymorphic sites (six indels and 19 substitutions) in the total sequences, ranging from 1715–1760 bp, represented five groups: (i) <jats:italic>Echinochloa oryzicola</jats:italic> Vasing. and <jats:italic>Echinochloa stagnina</jats:italic> Beauv. from Thailand; (ii) <jats:italic>Echinochloa crus‐galli</jats:italic> Beauv. complex; (iii) <jats:italic>Echinochloa crus‐pavonis</jats:italic> Schult; (iv) <jats:italic>Echinochloa colonum</jats:italic> Link. and <jats:italic>Echinochloa frumentacea</jats:italic> Link.; and (v) the African species, <jats:italic>Echinochloa obtusiflora</jats:italic> Stapf and <jats:italic>Echinochloa stagnina</jats:italic>. Japanese barnyard millet (<jats:italic>Echinochloa esculenta</jats:italic> H. Scholz) and various weedy varieties of <jats:italic>E. crus‐galli</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Echinochloa oryzoides</jats:italic> Fritsch had quite similar sequences and formed the <jats:italic>E. crus‐galli</jats:italic> complex, which was characterized by six substitutions. A cultivated form of <jats:italic>E. oryzicola</jats:italic> (Mosuo barnyard millet) and various morphological and agronomical forms of <jats:italic>E. oryzicola</jats:italic> were characterized by two indels. Indian barnyard millet (<jats:italic>E. frumentacea</jats:italic>) and its wild counterpart (<jats:italic>E. colonum</jats:italic>) were characterized by five substitutions. Domestication as millets and adaptation to paddy environments as mimic weeds might occur after the divergence of species in the Asian <jats:italic>Echinochloa</jats:italic>.</jats:p>

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