Ultrastructural Studies of Embryo Abortion in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as a Heat-stress

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  • Guan Liming
    Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
  • Chen Lanzhuang
    Faculty of Horticulture, Minami Kyushu University College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University
  • Adachi Taiji
    Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki

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Embryo abortion of Fagopyrum esculentum under high temperature stress was studied, firstly, at 1–3 d after pollination (DAP) with light and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The first sign of degeneration appeared at the subcellar level in the embryo sac within 2 DAP. Embryo development is significantly slowed. Almost all abortion is at the proembryonic, 8 to 24 cell stage. Embryo abortion is characterized by the appearance of large vacuoles in the embryo proper. The cytoplasm either is low in density or shows gradual condensation. And various changes occur in the abnormal cytoplasm: the cell walls expand, the ER becomes vesiculate, and osmiophilic deposits accumulate along the cell wall. The central cell degenerates to a greater degree. In particular, endosperm is absent or degenerates with either electron-dense condensed cytoplasm or dispersed cytoplasm in the early free-nuclear stage. The membrane system of organelles collapses. Dictyosomes and ER also become highly vesiculated and almost all organelles disperse within the central cell, while ribosome number is sharply decreased. In the aborted embryo sac, nucellar cells show a high degree of degeneration with condensed cytoplasm and vacuolation. As both of the nucellus and endosperm are heavily damaged by heat-stress of high temperature, this damage leads to the loss of normal endosperm function. Nutrients are not stored or transported to the developing embryo and, thus, embryo abortion is triggered before the embryo becomes autophytic.

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