Development of Novel Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Evasion Mechanisms

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  • TAMADA Koji
    Cellular Signal Analysis(Immunohematology),Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine

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  • 癌の免疫逃避機構を標的とした新しい治療法の研究と開発
  • ガン ノ メンエキ トウヒ キコウ オ ヒョウテキ トシタ アタラシイ チリョウホウ ノ ケンキュウ ト カイハツ

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Abstract

Immunotherapy has been developed as a novel medical intervention for advanced cancer refractory to conventional therapies. In recent years, there are significant advances in basic knowledge of tumor immunology and ample experience of clinical application of novel cancer immunotherapies. Accordingly, molecular and cellular mechanisms of the interaction between cancer cells and immune system have been elucidated. At the initial stage of cancer occurrence, immune system constantly surveys an emergence of cancerous cells to eliminate them. For cancers which have evaded immune surveillance, immune system generates anti-tumor responses by recognition of tumor-associated antigens. In response to such immunological pressure, cancer cells edit their immunogenicity and develop immune-suppressive conditions in tumor microenvironment, resulting in cancer immune evasion. Therefore, simple approach attempting activation or transfer of anti-tumor immune cells does not necessarily lead to measurable effects in clinical settings. In order to achieve further effective immunotherapy, it is imperative to inactivate cancer immune evasion mechanisms. Based on this notion, novel immunotherapies have been developed, some of which were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In this review, among newer generation of immunotherapy, two most promising approaches, i.e. antibodies targeting immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive transfer of T cells with genetic modification, will be introduced.

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