推薦入学制度の公認とマス選抜の成立-公平信仰社会における大学入試多様化の位置づけをめぐって-  [in Japanese] College Admission by High School Recommendation and the Selection Systems for Mass Higher Education: A Study of a College Admission Policy in Japan  [in Japanese]

The purpose of this article is to suggest a new framework for the studies about selection in college admissions through examining college admission systems other than entrance examinations. In Japan, selection for college admissions has been regarded as a decisive point for upward mobility. And most studies have paid attention only to the entrance examinations because they are a factor of "examination hell". But other college admission systems are increasingly used now and particularly the high school recommendation system is used for admission of 30% of college students. Japan is a fairness-oriented society, and entrance examinations are seen to be a fair means for college entrances in Japan. So, why is the high school recommendation system becoming so widespread in Japan? In order to answer this question, I examined the situations in 1967 in which the policy of the recommendation system had begun, using M.Trow's framework, "from elite to mass" higher education. The main findings are as follows : (1) In the late 60s in Japan, more and more high school students graduated, because a 'baby-boom' had occurred just after World War II. Many people thought that this expansion would make "examination hell" more severe and so tried to reform the examination system ready for the era of mass higher education. (2) The high school recommendation system was also suggested because of the increase of high school graduates and the unease about severe "examination hell". According to Trow's theory, educational expansion creates the selection system for mass higher education. So, the high school recommendation system is the selection system for mass higher education. In fact, transition from elite to mass in Japan occurred in the mid 60s. The framework of elite and mass selection explains the development of the selection systems other than the entrance examination very well.