近世後期における地下官人の存在形態について : 内膳司濱島家文書を事例として

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タイトル別名
  • Jigekanjin during the Late Premodern Period in Japan as Described in the Hajima Family Documents
  • キンセイ コウキ ニ オケル ジゲ カンジン ノ ソンザイ ケイタイ ニ ツイテ ナイ ゼンシハジマケ モンジョ オ ジレイ ト シテ

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This article aims at clarifying the existence and social position of lower ranking groups of officials serving the imperial court known as jigekanjin地下官人, by investigating commoners (peasants and townsfolk) who were so appointed. The author begins by describing the organizational characteristics of jigekanjin and their place in the social hierarchy. Each group was led by a liaison officer (furegashira触頭) who would relay orders from the imperial household and take reports and petitions from the group back to the court. Jigekanjin groups themselves sometimes possessed their own lower strata, called gekanjin下官人 and made up of common peasants and townsfolk. The author then conducts an analysis of the inheritance practices and of the function played by gekanjin in imperial household ceremonies. Anyone who desired to become a gekanjin mere had to pay an appointment fee, no screening process concerning social background, etc. being required. The position could be handed down from father to son, but soon became an asset (kabu株) monopolized by guild membership, as early as the mideighteenth century. The roles played by gekanjin in court ceremonies were quite simple and required no training whatsoever. Therefore, they were not able to participate in such specialized tasks as recording keeping and food preparation, but merely contributed to the hustle and bustle of the events. Next, the author turns to the existence of gekanjin in the capital region. While they were definitely upper ranking commoners in social terms, they were not always such in economic status. They possessed two different names: one representing their position in the local community, the other their position in their jigekanjin organizations. They were also allowed to carry swords and lanterns painted with their family insignia, whenever active in the service of the court. They were formed and reproduced as the lowest strata of jigekanjin tied to together in horizontal relationships. Finally, the author looks at the increase in jigekanjin that occurred during the late Tokugawa period. As Takano Toshihiko has argued, the emperor and the court continued to play the role of mediator during the regime of Shogun Ieshige, attempting to add stability to his questionable political leadership capabilities. There was also a movement to revive court ceremonies, prompting jigekanjin to perceive their role in court affairs with greater enthusiasm, resulting in the establishment of the post of gekanjin. This in turn created a competitive spirit among jigekanjin and resulted in more and more gekanjin recruitment.

収録刊行物

  • 史学雑誌

    史学雑誌 114 (4), 473-495, 2005

    公益財団法人 史学会

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