マグマの発泡とその伝播  [in Japanese] Vesiculation of magmas and its propagation  [in Japanese]

Abstract

マグマの発泡は火山噴火を理解する際に最も基本的で重要な過程である。本論文では, マグマの発泡を発泡のカイネティックスと発泡の伝播という二つの側面について, そのモデリングという観点から解説する。軽石の発泡組織を噴火過程の定量的指標とするためには, 発泡のカイネティックスのモデルは, 気泡のサイズ分布や数密度を含む必要がある。最近の数値的研究から明らかにされた気泡の数密度に対する物性や物理条件の影響を要約し, 気泡の核形成が, 気泡の成長過程によって支配されており, 拡散律速と粘性律速の二つの成長の領域に対応して, 数密度が拡散係数と粘性率に依存する二つの領域が存在することを述べる。発泡の伝播のモデリングにおいては, 発泡の非平衡性と発泡しているマグマの圧縮性が重要になる。この二つの特性のために, 発泡するマグマでは, 普通の流体では存在できない希薄衝撃波が発達することが期待される。この希薄衝撃波には, 気泡の核形成に関係するものと気泡の成長・膨張に関係するものと2種類あり, それぞれ核形成波及び破砕波とでも呼べるものである。それぞれの伝播速度はユゴニオとレーリー線から決定され, ガス成分濃度に依存する。希薄衝撃波の存在は, 最近の室内実験からも示唆されており, 噴火の推移や様式を理解する際に重要になる。

Vesiculation of magma is a key process to understand volcanic eruptions. Two aspects of magma vesiculation, kinetics of vesiculation and propagation of vesiculation, are illustrated from the viewpoint of modeling. To use the vesicular texture as an quantitative indicator of eruption process, a model of kinetics of magma vesiculation need to include the bubble size distribution or number density of bubbles. Emphasizing that nucleation processis controlled by growth process through the depletion of degassing components, the influence of material properties and physical condition on number density of bubbles are summarized. There are two regimes in nucleation process corresponding to limiting process of growth: diffusion-limited growth and viscosity-limited growth. Disequilibrium and compressible characteristics in vesiculating magmas are important factors in modeling the propagation of magma vesiculation. Due to these two characteristics, it can be expected that a rarefactions hock which is ruled out in normal fluid is developed in vesiculating magmas. There are two kinds of rarefactions hocks which are related. to the nucleation process and to the growth and expansion process: the former is called nucleation wave and the later is called fragmentation wave. Wave velocities of two rarefactions hocks, which can be calculated from the Hugoniot and Rayleigh line, depend on the concentration of degassing components. These rarefactions hocks are also suggested from recent laboratory experiments and will play an important role in understanding a temporal developement of an eruption and a transition between eruption styles.

Journal

The memoirs of the Geological Society of Japan   [List of Volumes]

The memoirs of the Geological Society of Japan (46), 67-81, 1996-09-20  [Table of Contents]

The Geological Society of Japan

References:  27

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Cited by:  2

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Codes

  • NII Article ID (NAID) :
    110003025941
  • NII NACSIS-CAT ID (NCID) :
    AN00141779
  • Text Lang :
    JPN
  • Article Type :
    Journal Article
  • ISSN :
    03858545
  • NDL Article ID :
    4066383
  • NDL Source Classification :
    ZM49(科学技術--地球科学--地質)
  • NDL Call No. :
    Z15-322
  • Databases :
    CJP  CJPref  NDL  NII-ELS