溶岩ドーム噴火の特徴と普賢岳ドームの成長モデル  [in Japanese] Characteristics of lava dome eruption and dome growth model at Unzen Volcano  [in Japanese]

    • 中田 節也 NAKADA Setsuya
    • 東京大学地震研究所火山噴火予知研究推進センター Volcano Research Center, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo

Abstract

珪長質マグマの噴火にはプリニー式噴火のように爆発的なものと溶岩ドーム噴火のように静穏なものとがある。この選択は上昇中のマグマから分離したガスの系外への透過効率で決まっている。溶岩ドーム噴火にプリニー式噴火が先行することが一般的であるが, 雲仙普賢岳の噴火では異なった。そこでは, 大道を上昇するマグマから脱ガスが効果的に起きたと考えられる。佐藤(1992)が指摘するように, 上昇マグマの水による急冷によって, ガスを効果的に逃がすバイパスが大道の壁にできていたのかもしれない。溶岩ドームは溶岩流に比べて低い溶岩噴出率で形成される。そこでは冷えてできた殻がドームの見掛けの降伏強度を上げている。普賢岳噴火で形成された溶岩ドームは, 噴出率の高い時には外成的と内成的成長を, 低い時には内成的成長をした。外成的成長では溶岩ローブが斜面を流れたが, 噴出率が低下した活動後期ほど, ローブの降伏強度が増加して急斜面を流下できた。一方, 内成的成長では, ドーム全体が水風船のような動きをした。すなわち, ドームの殻がキャタピラーのように回転しながら移動した。

Felsic magma has a potential of either explosive (plinian) or effusive (lava flow or dome) eruption. The choice of the mode of eruption depends not on the original volatile content in magma, but on degassing efficiency. The 1990- 1995 eruption at Unzen was a long-lived lava dome eruption, not preceded by explosive eruption. Such a style of eruption is rare among human-witnessed lava dome eruptions in the world. High degassing efficiency of magma should have been kept during the ascent at Unzen. A by-path with high degassing efficiency may have formed at the wall of the magmatic conduit due to quenching by underground water (aquifer) (Sato et al., 1992). Thickness and aspect ratio of dome are controlled mainly by yield strength, which directly reflects effusion rate. Lava dome is generally formed by effusion rate smaller than that for lava flow. Rigid carapace that develops on dome surface due to cooling provides the apparent yield strength higher than lava flow. At Unzen, lava dome grew both exogenously and endogenously at high effusion rate, whereas only endogenously at low effusion rate. Exogenously-growing lobes advanced, filling the steep valley with their own fragmented materials. The slope of lobe bases increased with time, implying the higher yield strength in the later lobe. Petal and peel structures appeared above the vent during exogenous growth. Petals flowed successively toward the lobe front, resulting in the formation of ramp structure inside the lobe. The endogenous dome grew like a water balloon, in which the carapace advanced like a tractor tread.

Journal

The memoirs of the Geological Society of Japan   [List of Volumes]

The memoirs of the Geological Society of Japan (46), 139-148, 1996-09-20  [Table of Contents]

The Geological Society of Japan

References:  38

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Codes

  • NII Article ID (NAID) :
    110003025947
  • NII NACSIS-CAT ID (NCID) :
    AN00141779
  • Text Lang :
    JPN
  • Article Type :
    Journal Article
  • ISSN :
    03858545
  • NDL Article ID :
    4066389
  • NDL Source Classification :
    ZM49(科学技術--地球科学--地質)
  • NDL Call No. :
    Z15-322
  • Databases :
    CJP  CJPref  NDL  NII-ELS