マーガレット・フラーの反カトリック思想 : イタリアの独立・統一と教皇ピウスIX世  [in Japanese] Margaret Fuller's Anti-Catholicism : Italian-Risorgimento and Pope Pius IX  [in Japanese]

Margaret Fuller, a leader of various movements toward liberalism, stayed in Rome from 1847 to 1850. Supporting the unification and independence of Italian princedoms, she strongly backed the revolutionary Roman Republic government and opposed the Jesuits in their conventional political system. Consequently she was to encourage the revolutionary campaign for exiles at home, offending Bishop Hughes of New York City Catholic diocese. Here I would like to clarify the process of her understanding of Italian affairs toward 1848-9 revolutionary movement and her negative attitude to both Pius IX and Italian Catholicism. This reveals that Fuller, being a member of the Transcendental Club, was a radically individualistic and staunch republican, though ethically Puritan. Observing the relationship between the pope and his people and the various rites and rituals of Catholic society, she became aware of what she called 'the cancer of society', the Jesuits. Having become despondent because of the failure of 1849 revolution in Italy, she earnestly hoped that a republican Italy would be born again.