アブラムシの植物汁液吸収に関する生理学的ならびに形態学的研究

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  • Physiological and morphological studies on the suction mechanism of plant juice by aphids

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In this paper, the mouth parts, their accessory organs, the penetration of stylets of aphids into the plants and the formation of galls and fading of plant leaves by aphids have been studied on about 40 species of aphids. The aphids feeding on the host plants were quickly paralyzed with ethyl ehter, and the plant portions with aphids were fixed in BOUIN'S or CARNOY'S or formalin solution for morphological and histological examinations. Paraffin sections, 15μ thick, were stained with DELAFIELD'S hematoxyline and safranin T or acid fuchsin. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Sucking pump, pharynx and hypopharynx are covered with epithelium. The cross section of sucking pump is polygonal in shape and pharynx is nearly semicircular, their posterior side much sclerotized, but anterior side membranous, and the dilator muscles arising from clypeus attach at center of anterior side in some aphids, but the muscles attach at sclerotized thin plate on the center of anterior side in Myzus persicae SULZER. Hypopharynx is thickened, sclerotized and bound with maxillary stylets on each side of anterior parts, at this part food canal of stylets is connected with food meatus, and salivary canal is with salivary meatus. (2) Salivary glands are in four pairs, namely principal, accessory, mandibular and maxillary glands. According to MILES (1955), Aphis craccivora KOCH secretes two types of saliva, highly viscous and watery liquid. The former is used for sheath formation, and is secreted from the mandibular and maxillary glands while the latter from the principal and accessory glands in Lachnus tropicalis VAN DER GOOT and Myzus persicae SULZER, and also it has been shown by NISHI (1962) that the inhibitor for activity of Tobacco mosaic virus is found in the salivary sheath formed in the plant tissues in Myzus persicae SULZER. It seems that the inhibitor is contained in the saliva of mandibular and maxillary glands. (3) Salivary sheaths are usually developed more distinctly within cells than between the cell walls and formed even in the air between the tip of rostrum and the surface of plant epidermis or between leaf sheath and stem when aphids feed on the stem through the sheath, and the stylet tracks are usually branched in the plant tissues especially in the phloem. (4) The stylets turn to right on the distal part of hypopharynx and have been turned about 90 degrees in the basal part of the labial groove. Such fact is observed in 8 species of aphids and seems to be useful for the reinforcement of stylets when inserted into the host plants. (5) Rostrum is shortened when stylets are inserted into the plant tissues. The first segment of rostrum is pale, very thin, and flexible. The second segment is longer but smaller in diameter than the first, and much more thickly chitinized, making a telescope within the first segment. The base of the second segment reaches the oesophageal ganglion in many species of aphids belonging to subfamily Aphidinae, and a large portion of the segment lie within the abdomen in some species belonging to sub family Lachninae especially in genus Stomaphis when the stylets are inserted deeply into plant tissues and almost all the second segment of rostrum is drawn in the first segment. (6) In most species the stylets are inserted into epidermis intercellularly, intracellularly or sometimes through stomata, but Ceratovacuna lanigera ZEHNTNER on Miscanthus sinensis, Schizolachnus orientalis TAKAHASHI on pine leaves and Melanaphis bambusae Fullaway on bamboo insert the stylets into the hosts always only through the stomata of the leaves. (7) In many species the stylets inserted in plant tissues pass usually intercellularly, and also frequently intracellularly even through cells, but Nipponaphis monzeni TAKAHASHI on Quercus glauca, Mindarus japonicus TAKAHASHI on twigs of Abies firma, Schizolachnus orientalis TAKAHASHI on pine leaves, Nippolachnus piri MATSUMURA on pear leaves and Greenidea nipponica SUENAGA on tw

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