犯罪不安と被害リスク知覚 : その構造と形成要因(I 課題研究 日本の治安と犯罪対策-犯罪学からの提言)  [in Japanese] Fear of crime and perceived risk : The causes and structures(Rising Fear of Crime and Re-building Safe Society in Japan: Moral Panic or Evidence-Based Crime Control)  [in Japanese]

本研究では,東京都大田区南部の104町丁目に住む3,120名を対象にした社会調査データに構造方程式モデリングを適用して,犯罪不安と被害リスク知覚の認知構造とその形成要因を検討した.調査では12罪種を提示し,犯罪に対する情動的な反応である犯罪不安と,主観的な発生確率の見積りである被害リスク知覚とを区別して測定した.まず,確認的因子分析により,犯罪不安・リスク知覚はともに財産犯と身体犯の2因子構造を有し,空き巣やひったくりなどの財産犯は,一般市民には身体犯としても認知されていることが示された.次に,被害経験・見聞,地域の無秩序性,富裕度,家族内弱者の有無が犯罪不安,犯罪リスク知覚にもたらす影響を検討した.これら形成要因は被害リスク知覚を媒介して間接的に犯罪不安を生起させていたのに加え,直接犯罪不安を喚起していた.また,ゴミや落書きなどの地域の無秩序性が財産犯被害不安を生起させていることや,子どもや高齢者を家族に持つ回答者は,身体犯被害の伝聞情報によって犯罪不安を生起させていることが明らかになった.

This paper examines the cognitive structure and causes of perceived risk and fear of crime among urban residents in Tokyo. The questionnaire survey of 3,120 residents was conducted in 104 neighborhoods in Oota city, Tokyo. The respondents were requested to rate separately subjective perceived risk and emotional fear of crime for 12 crime types. Incivility and direct/indirect victimization were also measured. Confirmative factor analysis supported the two-factor structure of property and personal crime, similar to one proposed in the U.S. It is notable that this cognitive structure does not match the conventional law-enforcement classification. That is, the respondents judge several property crimes such as Akisu, breaking and entering while residents are out of house, to be both personal and property crime. The authors also examine the effects of victimization, incivility and target attractiveness on perceived risk and fear of crime. Generally, incivility and direct/indirect victimization raise fear of crime, mediated by perceived risk. In addition, incivility directly causes fear of property crime as well as mediation by perceived risk. Direct victimization has more significant effects than indirect victimization. A respondent who owns more consumer durables tends to perceive more risk of property crime, whereas one with more vulnerable family members are more fearful of personal crime. Policy implications to control fear of crime are also discussed.