A Survey of Synthetic and Natural Phytotoxic Compounds and Phytoalexins as Potential Antimalarial Compounds

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  • Bajsa Joanna
    National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, U.S.A.
  • Singh Kshipra
    National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, U.S.A.
  • Nanayakkara Dhammika
    National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, U.S.A.
  • Duke Stephen Oscar
    USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit
  • Rimando Agnes Mamaril
    USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit
  • Evidente Antonio
    Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II
  • Tekwani Babu Lal
    National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, U.S.A.

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The apicomplexan parasites pathogens such as Plasmodium spp. possess an apicoplast, a plastid organelle similar to those of plants. The apicoplast has some essential plant-like metabolic pathways and processes, making these parasites susceptible to inhibitors of these functions. The main objective of this paper is to determine if phytotoxins with plastid target sites are more likely to be good antiplasmodial compounds than are those with other modes of action. The antiplasmodial activities of some compounds with established phytotoxic action were determined in vitro on a chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (D6, Sierra Leone) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, we provide in vitro activities of almost 50 such compounds, as well as a few phytoalexins against P. falciparum. Endothall, anisomycin, and cerulenin had sufficient antiplasmodial action to be considered as new lead antimalarial structures. Some derivatives of fusicoccin possessed markedly improved antiplasmodial action than the parent compound. Our results suggest that phytotoxins with plastid targets may not necessarily be better antiplasmodials than those that act at other molecular sites. The herbicides, phytotoxins and the phytoalexins reported here with significant antiplasmodial activity may be useful probes for identification of new antimalarial drug targets and may also be used as new lead structures for new antiplasmodial drug discovery.

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