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A 56-year-old woman with perianal stiffness was admitted to our hospital. Digital examination suggested an anal canal tumor, and she was diagnosed with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma by colonoscopic examination. She underwent abdominoperineal resection with extended radical lymphadenectomy. Finally, on pathological examination, this tumor was recognized as basaloid carcinoma partially coexisting with keratinization and with variants of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. We considered that it arose from either the basal layer of the squamous epithelium or the transitional zone epithelium of the anal canal on examination for expression of cytokeratin fragments. One-year after the operation, she received chemo-radiation therapy(CRT) because of relapsed right inguinal lymph nodes. In Japan, only fifty-five cases of basaloid carcinoma of the anal canal had been reported by 2004. As clinicopathological characteristics of this tumor, the incidence was often four times higher in females than in males. And in over half of all cases, there were lymphatic involvements and node metastases. For the treatment of this tumor, many cases received surgical therapy with or without CRT. Recently, this tumor has been reported to respond well to CRT, therefore it is important to precisely diagnose the histological types of anal canal neoplasms before treatments.
