ヤコブの手紙4章1-2節における「戦争」(πδλεμoι)と「戦闘」(μαχαι)-暴力的意味は不可能か?-  [in Japanese] πδλεμoι and μαχαι in James 4:1-2: Is a Violent Meaning Impossible?  [in Japanese]

There is a reference to 'wars'and 'battles in James 4:1-2. These apparentlymilitary terms tend to be understood by the majority of scholars in metaphorical ways,like as 'synonyms for strife and quarreling' in general (M. Dibelius), 'the chronic andthe acute hostilities in the community (J. H. Ropes), 'quarrels and struggles' amongthe readers (Bo Reicke), 'violent dispute' (S. Laws), 'a strong symbolization of thedivisions and instability of the addressees' (D. H. Edgar).These terms would certainly allude to quarrels occurring in the community.But what kind of quarrels? Just ones within the limit of vehement disputes by wordswithout recourse to any violent act? It seems that the possibility of using violencecannot be easily eliminated.This article purports to show that the war and battle terms in James 4:1-2 couldrefer to the actual use of violence in quarrels in the following outline.1. The setting of the problem2. The lexicographical meaning and usage3. The po/lemov / ma/xh word-group in the New Testament4. The socio-political and socio-economic concern and the contextual analysisof the text5. The historical consideration6. Our interpretation7. Conclusion