沖縄現代史の展望と方法をめぐって－国際関係研究における理解の一つの試み－

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タイトル別名
  • Vision and Method in Contemporary Okinawa History：An Interpretation in International Studies
  • オキナワ ゲンダイシ ノ テンボウ ト ホウホウ オ メグッテ コクサイ カンケイ ケンキュウ ニ オケル リカイ ノ ヒトツ ノ ココロミ

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本稿は、沖縄現代史研究の先駆的研究の分析枠組みと論点の再検討を通じて整理し、その展望と方法について再検討する。その際、そこにあらわれる「現代」「同時代」の認識と課題の把握について、固有の地域の場において展開される｢世界関係性」の探究の学としての国際関係研究の視座からの理解を試みる。本稿は三つの部分に分けられる。まず、１では1960年代と1970年代の先駆的研究の特徴として、研究主体自身の移動性、日本本土における「認知されない沖縄」の代弁の役割、占領の構造と民衆の相互関係の政治構造の分析への重心、世界史的連関性への注目を考察する。２では、1980年代の研究を扱い、それまでの政治史中心の考察ではなく、統治者の「まなざし」や文化変容、戦後沖縄の思想への接近といった研究課題と、そこで展開された「自己認識」の把握とそれと対となった「国家」への問いの主題化に言及する。３では米国陸軍の沖縄軍政正史における戦後沖縄に対する認識について、社会変容の分析における非政治化の作用を分析し、さらに「社会」という主題のもつ外部性について論じる。国家的枠組みや国家間関係に規定されつつも、一方で国家の外部に位置づけられてきた沖縄という固有の場において展開される現代史は、好むと好まざるとにかかわらず、「近代」の枠組みにおいて「認知されない沖縄」の代弁の役割を負う。しかし、逆にそうであるがゆえの脱中心的な視座の有効性から、「世界関係性」を内在的に考察する場となる可能性をもつ。 This thesis examines the major questions focused on in study of contemporary Okinawa history in several approaches applied from the 1960s to the end of the 1980s and attempts to interpret their visions and methods in International Studies. These precedents were concerned with a vast array of topics and they approached the investigation of political, economic, social, and cultural topics in numerous ways. In part 1, the works of Kokuba Kotaro, Miyazato Seigen, and Arasaki Moriteru are taken up as influential studies in the 1960s and 1970s. These works focused on politics and political economy rather than social and cultural trends and attempted to expand knowledge of how the U.S. military forces had developed occupation apparatus in Okinawa, how people had acted against them, but in Japan's mainland, "Okinawa" had been neglected and hardly recognized as an important issue. They themselves were unable to cover the issues inside Okinawa under the U.S. occupation. Some were inevitably dislocated from the island, and in Kokuba's case, he was expatriated from the island to "represent the neglected." Their arguments zeroed in on interactions and interconnections between occupation policies and people's protest, U.S.-Japan relations and local beneficiaries, and Okinawa and world politics. After the return of the administrative rights over Okinawa from U.S. to Japan in 1972, historians tended to focus on cultural elements rather than politics itself. In part 2, the works of Miyagi Etsujiro and Kano Masanao are discussed. Miyagi's work can be said to be a forerunner of the studies of "representations" of Okinawan culture. Miyagi himself put emphasis on the conditions of Okinawa in international politics, through the analysis of images. The images of Okinawa created by the U.S. occupation forces had been reluctantly changed from "ambiguity" or "moderate" to "hyphenated Japanese nationals", as a result of people's protest against the U.S. occupation in the 1960s. Kano examined social thought developed in Okinawa under the U.S. occupation and distilled its characteristics as　"ambivalence". Kano looked into "anti-reversionist" argument as the most important political thought in postwar Okinawa "fastening the gaze at nation-state, and grappling with it" . In the third part, the structure of narrative in the official history of military government in the Ryukyu Islands is reexamined. This narrative was compiled by the Center of Military History of U.S. Army in 1988. The term "rehabilitation" is used as an official narrative to depoliticize social reality and to misappropriate the results of social transformation and rapid economic growth in postwar Okinawa. In order to defend occupation policy and operation, social reality is sidelined and becomes exterior to history in this narrative. The aim of the study of contemporary Okinawan history is to gain a considerable amount of research in order to expose the untold realities hidden in the exterior in the official narrative. Okinawa is a place which is restricted by nation-state system and inter-state system. Hence, and yet in spite of that, Okinawa is positioned outside of nation-state system. The study of contemporary Okinawan history fills the role of representing this "neglected Okinawa" in numerous ways. Yet it is more important that contemporary Okinawan history has created a space to rethink "relatedness" in "international relations" from "eccentric" and "off-centered" perspectives. And moreover, it is important for us to build an interpretation of Okinawa's position persuasively in the context of contemporary East Asian history, in which peoples have experienced the "modern" and "modernity" including imperialism, colonialism, liberation movement, political violence, and political reactionary, in different ways, in order to reconsider "Japan", U.S.-Japan relations, and "America" in contemporary history of Okinawa.

収録刊行物

  • 地域研究

    地域研究 (1), 43-54, 2005-06-30

    沖縄大学地域研究所

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