Biofilm formation of Actinomyces oris strain MG-1 on an orthodontic wire

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Bacteria can accumulate on the surfaces of fixed orthodontic appliances during treatment. Bacteria on orthodontic appliances constitute a risk of white spot lesion development and lead to gingivitis. We attempted to clarify the mechanism of bacterial adhesion to orthodontic wires and understand the genetic background relating to this adhesion. The addition of 21 mM sucrose or glucose to a culture of Actinomyces oris strain MG-1 (MG-1) promoted adhesion to the orthodontic wire. The adherent strength of MG-1 was compared between media containing glucose or sucrose. In gluTSB, the MG-1 persisted even after ultrasonic treatment for 30 min, while it was easily removed when treated in sucTSB. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that MG-1 on the orthodontic wire formed meshwork-like structures around the cells in the presence of glucose. This is typically observed in a number of biofilm-forming bacterial species. However, no such unique phenotype appeared with MG-1 in sucTSB. Comparative microarray analyses indicated that expression of 18 genes was differentially altered with addition of glucose in the culture medium. They included the genes associated with regulation of biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production, and those associated with the stress response system. These results suggest that addition of sucrose or glucose to the culture medium promotes the adhesion of MG-1 to orthodontic appliances, and that the adherence of MG-1 is particularly strong when mediated by biofilm formation enhanced by the presence of glucose.

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