戦後日本における幼稚園・保育所の普及とその地域差の実態 : 石川県の2市1町における公立保育施設の設置・認可を事例として

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  • The Development of and Local Differences between Kindergartens and Day Nurseries in Japan after WWII : A Case Study of the Public Institutions in Two Cities and a Town in Ishikawa Prefecture
  • センゴ ニホン ニ オケル ヨウチエン ・ ホイクジョ ノ フキュウ ト ソノ チイキサ ノ ジッタイ : イシカワケン ノ 2シ 1チョウ ニ オケル コウリツ ホイク シセツ ノ セッチ ・ ニンカ オ ジレイ ト シテ

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Kindergartens and day nurseries were organized as separate systems and unevenly distributed in Japan after WWII. Previous studies show that the reasons for their distinct regional characteristics included the shifting demographic structure, industrialization, local or family needs, spread of existing facilities and rate of full-time homemakers. However, there has been limited research examining the effect of the local situation. This paper studies the actual situation and background of the development of and local differences between kindergartens and day nurseries by focusing on Nanao city, Kaga city, and Tsubata-town in Ishikawa Prefecture, where day nurseries from 1950s to 1970s developed remarkably as compared to kindergartens. Owing to the availability of municipal finances, several day nurseries that gained subsidies from the national and prefectural governments were established, but it was not feasible to increase the number of kindergartens. Additionally, there were other major circumstances, changes in the social situation such as the increase of primary industry workers becoming migrants or day workers due to changes in the industrial structure, and the historical situation such as the development of day nurseries before WWII. Thus, while the development of day nurseries advanced, the establishment of kindergartens fell behind. After WWII, each city or town established only one new public kindergarten, which was originally attached to an elementary school and offered educational opportunities to five-year-old children. This development may have been in response to the national plan aiming to improve the percentage of infants who finished kindergarten. With regard to the cases in the rural area of Ishikawa Prefecture, it is apparent that the institutional difference between kindergartens and day nurseries was extremely ambiguous; therefore, day nurseries that have developed did not necessarily target only the infants "who lack in early childhood education and care."

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