鷲使いの民族誌 : モンゴル西部カザフ騎馬鷹狩文化が育むイヌワシ馴化の伝統知

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タイトル別名
  • Ethnography of Kazakh Eagle Masters in Western Mongolia : Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in the Taming of Golden Eagles by Altaic Kazakhs
  • ワシ ズカイ ノ ミンゾクシ : モンゴル セイブ カザフ キバ タカガリ ブンカ ガ ハグクム イヌワシ ジュンカ ノ デントウ チ

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This research reports on the ethnography of the traditional art and knowledge (TAK) and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) fostered by Altaic Kazakh eagle masters, known as burkutchu, in the context of horse-riding falconry in the Bayan-Olgii Province of western Mongolia. From the standpoint of ecological anthropology and ethnoornithology, it especially focuses on (1) the process of the first-stage taming arts of hunting golden eagles, and (2) the feeding frequency and quantity, as well as the appropriate animals used in the eagles'diet. Qualitative research based on long-term, live-in fieldwork was carried out with a falconer family in the Buteu winter pasture of Sagsai County from August 4, 2011, to January 10, 2013 (300 working days in total). In addition, quantitative research, based on structured interviews, was done with 42 eaglet masters in Bayan-Olgii Province over a two-month period from September to October 2014. Three things were discovered in the research. First, participant observation and interviews detected at least nine taming procedure stages (from first contact to hunting excursions), together with getting accustomed to riding horses. The taming procedure differs slightly between eaglets taken straight from the nest (korbara) and young or adult birds that are captured (juz). Second, the research clarified the feeding frequency and quantity for the eagles, the procedure of which differs between summer (the moulting term, or tulyek) and winter (the weight-reduction term, or kaiyru). The average feeding quantity (mean ± S.E.) was calculated at about 1137.5 ± 130.5g in the summer and 541.4 ± 70.8g in the winter. The overall average feeding quantity per year was thus 241.3 ± 18.3kg, or equivalent to 9.6 to 12.0 local sheep or goats. Third, the research specified the appropriate animals used in an eagle's diet according to each eagle master's TAK. The animals were divided into four classes, depending on their appropriation, as follows: (1) rabbits, foxes and sheep; (2) organs, cows and marmots; (3) river fish, horses, dogs and goats, (4) camels, mice and wild birds. Eagle masters prefer using natural prey meat over livestock meat. Consequently, a unique rapport is formed between the eagle master and golden eagle, one that can be characterized as more of a friendship between equals than a relationship between commander and subordinate. The research clarified two main traits in the early stage of eagle taming. First, the taming processes seem a bit rough compared with the U.K. or Japan, though a clear procedure was constructed in the total process. Second, the taming of the eagles was heavily dominated by the obligation to feed them. In addition, quantitative research calculated the concrete amount of food in the annual diet, as well as the appropriation of animal species used in feeding the eagles. Altaic Kazakh eagle masters have developed a unique, systematized TEK over centuries of practice. Therefore, the development of TEK and local ethno-ornithological perceptions by eagle masters can be defined as a noteworthy contribution to human history.

収録刊行物

  • 文化人類学

    文化人類学 80 (3), 427-444, 2015

    日本文化人類学会

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