インドネシア・バンテン遺跡出土の陶磁器

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  • インドネシア バンテン イセキ シュツド ノ トウジキ

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インドネシアのジャワ島西部に位置するバンテン遺跡は16世紀から18世紀にかけて栄えたイスラム教を奉ずるバンテン王国の都であった。1976年以来,インドネシア国立考古学センター(The National Research Center of Archaeology)などにより,この地域の発掘調査が続けられ,膨大な量の陶磁片が出土した。これを整理した結果,25,076個体を産地,年代,種類毎に分類し得た。主に16世紀から18世紀の陶磁器であることは,バンテン王国の栄えた時代と符合する。この間も時期毎で陶磁器の産地,種類の割合・内容が変わる。Ⅰ期(15世紀以前)の陶磁器はほとんどなく,Ⅱ期(16世紀前半~中葉)になると,景徳鎮磁器が少量出土するが全体に占める割合は1%とまだ少ない。Ⅲ期(16世紀末~17世紀前半)からⅤ期(18世紀)の陶磁器は全体の89%を占め,バンテン王国の歴史を裏付けている。Ⅲ期の中でも,1590年代以降の中国磁器が多く,この時期には景徳鎮(35%)に加えて福建南部地方の磁器が加わり,45%を占めることになる。この頃,オランダ続いてイギリスもアジア貿易に参入した。Ⅳ期(17世紀後半~18世紀初)には1644年以降の明清の王朝交替に伴う内乱で中国磁器の輸出が激減したため,肥前陶磁器の輸出が始まり,1683年までの間は中国磁器より量的に多いと思われる。1684年に貿易の禁止が解かれると再び中国磁器の輸出が盛んになる。Ⅴ期(18世紀)の前半は再び多量に輸出されるヨーロッパ向け景徳鎮磁器に圧倒されながらも,肥前(有田)磁器の輸出は残る。景徳鎮と肥前の製品はヨーロッパ向けが主であり,東南アジア向けの製品は福建・広東系磁器がⅣ期に引き続き主体である。Ⅵ期(18世紀末~19世紀)の中でバンテンがオランダによって破壊された歴史を裏付けるように,中国磁器はこの時期の前半のものが少量見られるだけである。

The site of Banten Lama (old Banten), located at western Java in Indonesia, was a capital of the Islamic kingdom of Banten which flourished on the 16th to the 18th centuries. Since 1976, the excavation of this site has been conducted by the National Research Center of Archaeology, and were found numerous porcelain fragments. We analyzed those artifacts, so that were able to classify into total of 25,076 the estimated individual numbers by their producing districts, date and kind. The majority of the porcelains were manufactured from the 16th to the 18th centuries, when the Banten kingdom was at the zenith. This Banten's ceramic assemblage shows a proportional change in their producing districts and kind through the periods.Few porcelains are identified to the Ⅰ period (before the 16th century). During the Ⅱ period (the early to middle 16th century), Jingdezhen porcelains were appeared, but only 1% of the assemblage. The ceramics belong to the Ⅲ period (after the late 16th to the early half 17th century) through the Ⅴ period (the 18th century) amount to 89% of the total assemblage. This quantitive change is in accordance with the history of the Banten kingdom. During the Ⅲ period, Chinese porcelains visibly increased up to 45% of the total. Because particularly after 1590' in addition to Jingdezhen (35%) southern Fujian wares newly began to be imported And on this time the Dutch, followed after England, entered into the Asian trade.In the Ⅳ period (the late half 17th century to the early 18th century), the civil war associated with the transition from Ming to Qing dynasty in China (after 1644) caused a drastic decrease in export of Chinese porcelains, followed by the beginning of Japanese Hizen's export. Especially before 1683 Japanese Hizen porcelains were dominant over Chinese porcelains on Banten. However, as the trade prohibition of China was lifted in 1684, Chinese porcelains regained their prominence.In the Ⅴ period (the 18th century), the import Jingdezhen porcelains became active on Banten again, although Japanese Hizen (Arita) were still present. The majority of Jingdezhen and Hizen were originally manufactured for export to Europe, where the major part of porcelains for special export to Southeast Asia were Fujian and Guangdong wares before the Ⅳ period.On the first half of the Ⅵ period (the late 18th to the 19th century), only a few Chinese porcelains were present in Banten, reflecting the collapse because of the Dutch invasion.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun4/index.html#no82

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