東南アジア群島部の陶磁器消費者（Ⅲ. 貿易陶磁と在来陶磁）

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  • 東南アジア群島部の陶磁器消費者
  • トウナン アジア グントウブ ノ トウジキ ショウヒシャ

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世界史的な陶磁貿易の構造解明に向けて，本論では東南アジア群島部における陶磁器消費者の実態像について，各地の考古資料より接近を試みた。具体的な使用者を探る手掛かりとして食膳具・調度具・貯蔵具に区分することで各遺跡出土品の内容を検討し，またこの地域の特徴を示す重要な製品であるクンディ型水注とアンピン壺のあり方を考えた。前期（９～16世紀前半）16例と後期（16世紀後半～18世紀）６例について分析を行った。これらは港市・政治拠点・寺院群・墓地及び航路要衝・沈没船に区分できるが，陶磁器使用者は支配層・祭祀神官・富裕階層・中間層住民・下層住民に分けて考えられる。港市や政治拠点の陶磁器の少なからぬ部分は，遠距離地へ再輸出や近距離地へ搬出される。また港市ごとの陶磁器のあり方は，政治的な支配関係よりも主要貿易ルートとの関係に依存している。寺院群では，クンディ型水注のような儀礼器種や特注タイルのような荘厳財が多く見られる。だがそれらは特定宗教の個有品ではなく，群島部に在来する信仰観念から生まれたものである。また東部では大量の陶磁器を埋納した集団墓が発見されているが，これは葬送儀礼に関るものと考えられる。これらの墓地の被葬者社会は，主要貿易が生み出す二次貿易に関係している可能性がある。群島部はアジア海上貿易の重要な結節点に位置するため，さまざな流通業の発達が早くからあった。そのため，陶磁器使用者として大きな役割を持っていたのが流通業を主な生業とする中間層住民である。彼らは流通商品以外に，一定度の自己消費分も所有していた。群島部では彼らの役割が大きく，王権も流通業と深く関っていた。そのため貯蔵具の転用も含め陶磁器の使用は多量多岐にわたり，また二次貿易の発達もあって流通価値が高まったと思われる。

In this paper, by analyzing archaeological data collected from various archaeological sites, the author tried to approach the actual circumstances for ceramic consumers in the Southeast Asian archipelagoes for understanding the structure of ceramic trade in terms of global history.Ceramics were not originally produced in this area in the past, where, in general, they functioned as presting or solemnity properties in any kind of form. In order to concretely search for the consumers, the author analyzed artifacts of ceramics shards from each site by classifying their forms as tableware, interior supplise, and storage containers. He also studies how kendi pouring vessels and Anping jars were used, which show important characteristics of the consumers in the area.According to the date classcfied in detail on artifacts shards from Banten sites complex, the author analyzed sixteen sites of the Former period, from the ninth to the early sixteenth century, and six sites of the Latter period, from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth century in the area. These sites can be classified as port cities, political strongholds, temples, cemeteries, and important points on the sea route and sunken ships. In these categories, consumers of the former sites can be classified as rulers, priests, wealthy class, middle-class and lower-class residents.A larger part of the ceramics used in port cities and political strongholds were re-exported to distant places or shipped to neighboring areas. To give an example of the former, Islamic ceramics on Koh Kao Island, or Leang Poh that were shipped to China, and Hizen ware/Ch'ing porcelain on Banten Lama that were re-exported to Turkey. The latter case can be recognized in the relationship of Paya Pasir with Kota Cina. Another point is that the circumstances under which ceramics were used in each port city depend on the main trade route, rather than its political situations.In the case of temples, many are seen as ceremonial kinds like kendi pouring vessels or special ordered tiles in the East Java temples as solemnity properties. However, those ceramics were not exclusively used for religious purposes but also originated from the local belief indigenous to this archipelagic area. In addition, in the Eastern part of the area, not a few sites of necropolis were found, where an enormous number of ceramics were buried. The author's understanding is that those ceramics were not the possession of the buried person but ceremonial ware for burial. Generally, it is argued that the society of those who were buried in the necropolis was not well off except for the ceramics. It is possible, however, that they were also engaged in the secondary or the local trade, which derived from the main or international trade.As this archipelagic area is located at the stronghold on the route for marine trade in Asia, a variety of distribution industry had developed from earlier times. According to this fact, the middle-class residents, who were mainly engaged in the industry, played an importance part. They were not only engaged in re-exporting or shipping ceramics to external areas or selling them to ruling classes but also owned a certain amount for daily use.In this area, the middle class played a major part, while the royal power was largely involved in this distribution business. The author's conclusion is that due to the fact as mentioned above, a great number of ceramics including storage containers were used in diversified ways, and the distribution value of those ceramics was enhanced as well according to the development of the local or the secondary trade.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun4/index.html#no94

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