台湾男性との結婚を選択したインドネシア女性 : 結婚と行為主体性に関する人類学的試論

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タイトル別名
  • Indonesian Women Who Decided to Marry Taiwanese Men : Anthropological Study on Marriage and Agency
  • タイワン ダンセイ ト ノ ケッコン オ センタク シタ インドネシア ジョセイ : ケッコン ト コウイ シュタイセイ ニ カンスル ジンルイガクテキ シロン

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This is a paper jointly written by KOIKE and HSU. The aim is to analyze the life histories told by four Indonesian women who married Taiwanese men in the city of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and to discuss how they decided to marry in terms of women’s agency. The concept of agency is often used in discussing marriage and labor migrants in Asia. The Indonesian women interviewed by the authors are as follows: an ethnic Chinese Buddhist, Li ; a Javanese Muslim, Sari ; a Toraja Christian, Martha ; and an ethnic Chinese Christian, Sun (all names are pseudonymous). Li is from a fourth generation Hokkien family and was born in North Sumatra in 1970. She used to speak Hokkien among the family. In 1998 Li met Zhang at a karaoke shop in Jakarta. Guided by an Indonesian marriage broker who moved to Taiwan, Zhang and his brother came to Indonesia to search for a bride. He fell in love with Li at first sight. Shortly after that night, he visited her home and proposed to her. After she and her father visited Kaohsiung, they finally accepted his proposal because they knew that Zhang was a man of good character and that she would not have to look after his elderly relatives since his parents had already passed away. Also, the anti- Chinese riots that erupted in Jakarta in May 1998 made her to decide to leave her native country. Sari was born in 1975 in a rural area of East Java. Because her family was not well-off, she lodged at her elder sister’s house to attend junior and senior high school. Her cousin, who worked in Taipei, introduced her to Yang who worked in interior finishing in Kaohsiung. Though she could not speak Mandarin and he could not speak Indonesian, they still managed to communicate internationally over the phone. Two years later, he visited Indonesia and proposed to her. But Sari and her family did not accept it because they were afraid of the differences in language, religion and culture. On his second visit, he promised to respect her Islamic obligations (ibadah) such as halal food, and finally Sari agreed to his proposal. In her town they held an Islamic marriage ceremony. Finally, he converted to Islam. Martha was born in Makassar, South Sulawesi in 1970. At the age of 19 she met Zhou, who worked for a Taiwanese construction project in Makassar. Six months later, they got married without the permission of her parents. After their marriage, they had to live in Indonesia for seven years. Then they moved to Kaohsiung in 1996. Martha could not adapt herself to her new circumstances during her first four years in Taiwan. She always felt lonely at home and eager to go back to Indonesia. Because she is a devout Christian, she always prayed to God. However, after her son entered high school, she began to go out and help Indonesian migrant workers who were facing serious problems. She believes that it accords with the teachings of Christianity to give aid to Indonesian workers in trouble. Sun is an ethnic Chinese who was born in Jambi, Central Sumatra in 1963, and moved to Jakarta with her parents. Her family was well-off and some of them were entrepreneurs. At a restaurant in Jakarta she met her future husband, who had come from Taiwan. He had followed his friends searching for a bride in Indonesia. He fell in love with her at first sight and proposed to her. It took one year to finish the marriage procedures in Jakarta. After getting married, she has suffered from domestic violence from her husband. She has not decided to get divorced yet. She helps Indonesian migrant workers at some events organized by the Presbyterian Church in Kaohsiung. The case of Martha is similar to an ordinary “love marriage” in Japan. Though the cases of Li and Sari are not “love marriages,” they are not “forced marriages” or “marriages for money,” which are often reported in the literature on cross-border marriages. Both Li and Sari as well as their parents considered very carefully the risks of marriages with Taiwanese men, and negotiated with the groom’s side to meet their requirements. Through the long negotiation, the bride’s side expressed their agency fully. Piper and Roces [2003] regard “using international marriage as a conscious strategy” as “another form of expressing agency. ” This kind of statement is not a convincing argument. In discussing marriage in terms of agency, it is necessary to analyze the process of marriage in more detail.

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