第二次世界大戦後初期の「精神遅滞」をめぐる諸問題注１ ─大恐慌からヘバー定義にいたる道─

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  • 第二次世界大戦後初期の「精神遅滞」をめぐる諸問題白 : 大恐慌からヘバー定義にいたる道
  • ダイニジ セカイ タイセンゴ ショキ ノ 「 セイシン チタイ 」 オ メグル ショ モンダイ ハク : ダイキョウコウ カラ ヘバー テイギ ニ イタル ミチ
  • Some problems surrounding “mental deficiency” just after the War II : The road to Heber’s definition followed by the Great Depression

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This paper tracks the way of establishing the concept of intellectual disability in American society, such as feebleminded, mental deficiency and mental retardation, especially focusses on a road to Heber’s definition in 1959 followed by the Great Depression. At the end of the World War II, researchers realized soldiers who had diagnosed as mental defectives in their childhood had showed their efficiency and began to call them “pseudo-minded”. These facts contradicted with Doll’s incurability and constitutionality. On the other hand, the heterogeneity of the special classrooms made researchers think that it is not enough to classify the mentally retarded into “idiots”, “imbeciles” and “morons”. Some researcher invented the classification of endogenous and exogenous group. The typological classification which was supported by many experts was a two-group approach. This approach differentiates physiologically defective retardates with known etiology from familial retardates, with unknown etiology. Physiological defective retardates are not assumed to develop typical course. On the other hand, unknown etiological retardates are assumed to develop a normal course slowly. This later individuals constitute a large proportion of the mild or educable retarded population. In 1959, the American Association on Mental Deficiency published a new definition and nomenclature. This is a new definition of mental deficiency, usually called Heber’s definition. The new definition adopted the new term of “mental retardation”, regardless of causation. It referred to subnormality of current condition or symptom in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. This denied the notion of “pseudo-feeblemindedness” and “defect”. That meant that incurability and constitutionality of mental deficiency are also denied.

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