Clinical features, diagnoses, and management of tuberculosis in immunocompromised hosts.
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- Hopewell Philip C.
- Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Chief, Chest Service, San Francisco General Hospital
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For many years tuberculosis has been known to occur with greater frequency among persons with disorders that impair host defenses.In most instances these processes interfere with the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas, in a few, such as silicosis, the probable abnormality is a nonimmune defect in macrophage function. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes progressive and ultimately profound depression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity and, thus, is an extremely potent risk-factor for tuberculosis.Presumably the major effect of HIV infection that predisposes persons to developing tuberculosis is the reduction in circulating T-helper (CD4+) lym phocytes which causes a reduction in cytokine production and a consequent decrease in the functional capabilities of macrophages.However, a number of questions concerning patho genesis of tuberculosis related to HIV remain.<BR>Available data suggest that the magnitude of the risk for developing tuberculosis among persons infected with both HIV and M.tuberculosis is very high, 8% in one prospec tive study.Because of the epidemic of HIV infection, the progressive downward trend in the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States has reversed and in 1989 there was a 5% increase in the number of cases.Preliminary data for 1990 suggest that there will be n 8 to 10% increase over 1989.Also in the United States approximately 3% of tuberculosis patients have been found to be HIV seropositive.<BR>The clinical features of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection vary depending on the degree of immunosuppression.With mild immunosuppression early in the course of HIV infection tuberculosis presents in a “typical” way with positive tuberculin skin tests, upperlobe cavitary infiltrates on chest film and positive sputum smears and cultures.As the HIV infection progresses, the mode of presentation of tuberculosis becomes more “atypical” with negative skin tests, multiple sites of involvement, chest films showing diffuse noncavitary infiltrates often accompanied by intrathoracic lymphadenopathy.The key to diagnosis is maintaining a high index of suspicion for tuberculosis, especially in patients with advanced HIV disease and including appropriate laboratory examinations in the evaluations of such persons.<BR>Regardless of the stage of HIV infection the response to treatment for tuberculosis is generally favorable if it is begun promptly.Standard therapy utilizing isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide with or without ethambutol have been associated with high rates of cure. Relapse has been uncommon. There has been, however, at least one outbreak of tuberculosis caused by isoniazid and rifampin resistant organisms in which the response to therapy was very poor.Preventive therapy with isoniazid is probably effective as well but this has not been substantiated. Issues related to infection control are of special concern given the interaction between HIV infection and tuberculosis.Transmission of M.tuberculosis to other HIV-infected patients and to health-care workers has been documented to be associated with the use of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii and with diagnostic sputum induction.
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- 結核
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結核 66 (6), 433-447, 1991
一般社団法人 日本結核病学会