Bath Water Contamination with <i>Legionella</i> and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in 24-Hour Home Baths, Hot Springs, and Public Bathhouses of Nagano Prefecture, Japan
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- Kobayashi Michiko
- Division of Infection Control and Microbiological Regulation, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
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- Oana Kozue
- Division of Infection Control and Microbiological Regulation, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine
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- Kawakami Yoshiyuki
- Division of Infection Control and Microbiological Regulation, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine
Bibliographic Information
- Other Title
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- Bath Water Contamination with Legionella and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in 24-Hour Home Baths, Hot Springs, and Public Bathhouses of Nagano Prefecture, Japan
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Abstract
Bath water samples were collected from 116 hot springs, 197 public bathhouses, and 38 24-hour home baths in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, during the period of April 2009 to November 2011, for determining the presence and extent of contamination with Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Cultures positive for Legionella were observed in 123 of the 3,314 bath water samples examined. The distribution and abundance of Legionella and/or combined contamination with Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria were investigated to clarify the contamination levels. The abundance of Legionella was demonstrated to correlate considerably with the levels of combined contamination with Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Legionella spp. were obtained from 61% of the water samples from 24-hour home baths, but only from 3% of the samples from public bathhouses and hot springs. This is despite the fact that a few outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease in Nagano Prefecture as well as other regions of Japan have been traced to bath water contamination. The comparatively higher rate of contamination of the 24-hour home baths is a matter of concern. It is therefore advisable to routinely implement good maintenance of the water basins, particularly of the 24-hour home baths.
Journal
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- Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
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Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 67 (4), 276-281, 2014
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee
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Details 詳細情報について
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- CRID
- 1390001206239499520
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- NII Article ID
- 130004757095
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- NII Book ID
- AA1132885X
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- ISSN
- 18842836
- 13446304
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- NDL BIB ID
- 025606438
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- PubMed
- 25056073
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- Text Lang
- en
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- Data Source
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- JaLC
- NDL
- Crossref
- PubMed
- CiNii Articles
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- Abstract License Flag
- Disallowed