言葉を聞く脳

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  • Brains Listen to Words
  • コトバ オ キク ノウ

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<p>Sound travels from the cochlea through the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body of the thalamus, via the acoustic radiation, to the primary auditory cortex located in the superior temporal gyrus (Broadmann Area BA 22) and transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus, BA 41, 42) of the temporal lobe. The spatial arrangement (tonotopic organization: spatial arrangement in descending order of frequency) according to the characteristic frequency of cochlear neurons is reproduced in each pathway. Basic auditory information processing is thought to be performed up to the inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate body is thought to act as a gate for selecting the information to be sent to the auditory cortex.</p><p>In auditory information processing, similar to the visual system, there are dorsal and ventral nerve tracts from the auditory cortex to the temporal lobe and prefrontal area, and the dorsal route is reportedly responsible for sound localization related to the “Where,” and the ventral route is responsible for sound source identification related to the “What” in sound recognition. For the language function, both the dorsal and ventral pathways are involved, but play different roles. The dorsal pathway plays an important role in higher-order language functions, focusing on the grammar, and the ventral pathway is involved in the understanding of the meaning of sentences. Analyses of intonation in spoken language occur in the superior temporal gyrus adjacent to the outer part of Heschl’s gyrus, and the process of speech recognition is expected to involve not only recognition of the speaker’s words and grammar, but also of intonation in an independent process. Changes in the activities of the left inferior frontal gyrus, left lateral temporal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus were observed when the subjects were listening to spoken language in a noisy environment, suggesting that words that are indistinct due to noise are restored by Top-Down input. Moreover, the promotion of anticipation of events caused by the activity of the orbitofrontal cortex may be involved in the improvement of hearing.</p>

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