Identification and characterization of ectosymbionts of distinct lineages in <i>Bacteroidales</i> attached to flagellated protists in the gut of termites and a wood‐feeding cockroach

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<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial attachments to nearly the entire surface of flagellated protists in the guts of termites and the wood‐feeding cockroach <jats:italic>Cryptocercus</jats:italic> are often observed. Based on the polymerase chain reaction‐amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the rod‐shaped, attached bacteria (ectosymbionts) of several protist species from five host taxa and confirmed their identity by fluorescence <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> hybridizations. These ectosymbionts are affiliated with the order <jats:italic>Bacteroidales</jats:italic> but formed three distinct lineages, each of which may represent novel bacterial genera. One lineage consisted of the closely related ectosymbionts of two species of the protist genus <jats:italic>Devescovina</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Cristamonadida</jats:italic>). The second lineage comprised three phylotypes identified from the protist <jats:italic>Streblomastix</jats:italic> sp. (<jats:italic>Oxymonadida</jats:italic>). The third lineage included ectosymbionts of the three protist genera <jats:italic>Hoplonympha</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Barbulanympha</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Urinympha</jats:italic> in the family <jats:italic>Hoplonymphidae</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Trichonymphida</jats:italic>). The ultrastructural observations indicated that these rod‐shaped ectosymbionts share morphological similarities of their cell walls and their point of attachment with the protist but differ in shape. Elongated forms of the ectosymbionts appeared in all the three lineages. The protist cells <jats:italic>Streblomastix</jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Hoplonympha</jats:italic> sp. display deep furrows and vane‐like structures, but these impressive structures are probably evolutionarily convergent because both the host protists and their ectosymbionts are distantly related.</jats:p>

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