A‐factor as a microbial hormone that controls cellular differentiation and secondary metabolism in <i>Streptomyces griseus</i>

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<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>A‐factor, containing a γ‐butyrolactone in its structure, is an autoregulatory factor or a‘microbiai hormone’controlling secondary metabolism and cellular differentiation in <jats:italic>Streptomyces griseus.</jats:italic> A‐factor exerts its regulatory role by binding to a specific receptor protein which, in the absence of A‐factor, acts as a repressor‐type regulator for morphological and physiological differentiation, in the signal relay leading to streptomycin production in <jats:italic>S. griseus</jats:italic>, the A‐factor signal is transferred from the A‐factor receptor to the upstream activation sequence of a regulatory gene, <jats:italic>strR</jats:italic>, in the streptomycin biosynthetic gene cluster via an A‐factor‐dependent protein that serves as a transcription factor for <jats:italic>strR.</jats:italic> The StrR protein thus Induced appears to activate the transcription of other streptomycin‐production genes. The presence of A‐factor homologues in a wide variety of <jats:italic>Streptomyces</jats:italic> species and distantly related bacteria implies the generality of γ‐butyrolactones as chemical cellular signalling molecules in microorganisms.</jats:p>

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