Origin and relationships of <i>Saintpaulia</i> (Gesneriaceae) based on ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences

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<jats:p>Phylogenetic relationships of eight species of <jats:italic>Saintpaulia</jats:italic> H. Wendl., 19 species of <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic> Lindl. (representing all major growth forms within the genus), and two outgroups (<jats:italic>Haberlea rhodopensis</jats:italic> Friv., <jats:italic>Chirita spadiciformis</jats:italic> W. T. Wang) were examined using comparative nucleotide sequences from the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The length of the ITS 1 region ranged from 228 to 249 base pairs (bp) and the ITS 2 region from 196 to 245 bp. Pairwise sequence divergence across both spacers for ingroup and outgroup species ranged from 0 to 29%. <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic> is not monophyletic, and <jats:italic>Saintpaulia</jats:italic> is nested within <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic> subgenus <jats:italic>Streptocarpella. Streptocarpus</jats:italic> subgenus <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic> is monophyletic. The ITS sequence data demonstrate that the unifoliate <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic> species form a clade, and are also characterized by a unique 47‐bp deletion in ITS 2. The results strongly support the monophyly of (1) <jats:italic>Saintpaulia,</jats:italic> and (2) <jats:italic>Saintpaulia</jats:italic> plus the African members of the subgenus <jats:italic>Streptocarpella</jats:italic> of <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic>. The data suggest the evolution of <jats:italic>Saintpaulia</jats:italic> from <jats:italic>Streptocarpus</jats:italic> subgenus <jats:italic>Streptocarpella</jats:italic>. The differences in flower and vegetative characters are probably due to ecological adaptation leading to a relatively rapid radiation of <jats:italic>Saintpaulia</jats:italic>.</jats:p>

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