Low-Level Cadmium Exposure and Osteoporosis

DOI PDF Web Site 被引用文献8件
  • Tobias Alfvén
    Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • Carl-Gustaf Elinder
    Department of Renal Medicine at Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  • Margareta Dea Carlsson
    Environmental Protection Board, Local Government of Mönsterås, Mönsterås, Sweden
  • Anders Grubb
    Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
  • Lennart Hellström
    Department of Public Health, County Council of Kalmar, Oskarshamn, Sweden
  • Bodil Persson
    Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Public Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
  • Conny Pettersson
    Primary Health Care Unit, Mönsterås, Sweden
  • Gunnar Spång
    Hälsan Industrial Health Care Unit, Oskarshamn, Sweden
  • Andrejs Schütz
    Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
  • Lars Järup
    Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, U.K

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. A number of risk factors, such as age and gender, are well established. High cadmium exposure causes renal damage and in severe cases also causes osteoporosis and osteomalacia. We have examined whether long-term low-level cadmium exposure increases the risk of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the forearm was measured in 520 men and 544 women, aged 16–81 years, environmentally or occupationally exposed to cadmium, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique. Cadmium in urine was used as the dose estimate and protein HC was used as a marker of renal tubular damage. There was a clear dose-response relation between cadmium dose and the prevalence of tubular proteinuria. Inverse relations were found between cadmium dose, tubular proteinuria, and BMD, particularly apparent in persons over 60 years of age. There was a dose-response relation between cadmium dose and osteoporosis. The odds ratios (ORs) for men were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.0-4.8) in the dose group 0.5-3 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine and 5.3 (2.0-14) in the highest dose category (≥3 nmol/mmol creatinine) compared with the lowest dose group (&lt;0.5 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine). For women, the OR was 1.8 (0.65-5.3) in the dose group 0.5-3 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine. We conclude that exposure to low levels of cadmium is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.</jats:p>

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