Biogeography and origin of <i>Lilium longiflorum</i> and <i>L. formosanum</i> (Liliaceae) endemic to the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan as determined by allozyme diversity

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<jats:p>Allozyme diversity on 13 isozyme loci was investigated for two bulbous species, <jats:italic>Lilium longiflorum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. formosanum</jats:italic>, endemic to the subtropical archipelago of continental origin located in East Asia. Degrees of allozyme variability and divergence for <jats:italic>L. longiflorum</jats:italic> were very high for insular endemic species, indicating relatively longtime persistence of the present widespread distribution across many islands in this phenotypically little‐changed species. <jats:italic>Lilium formosanum</jats:italic> exhibited rather lower variability and divergence than did <jats:italic>L. longiflorum</jats:italic> and was genetically close to the southern peripheral populations of <jats:italic>L. longiflorum</jats:italic> with 0.978 as its highest genetic identity value. Combined with other biological and insular geohistorical information, our results suggest that <jats:italic>L. longiflorum</jats:italic> was established around the end of the Pliocene when the current distribution area was still a continuous part of the ancient Asian continent, and <jats:italic>L. formosanum</jats:italic> was derived from southern populations of <jats:italic>L. longiflorum</jats:italic> around the late Pleistocene when the mainland of Taiwan was completely separated from the adjacent islands and the main continent. Depauperization of allozyme variability in some <jats:italic>L. longiflorum</jats:italic> populations was found on islands with lower altitudes. This reflects bottleneck effects after the complete or almost complete submergence of such low islands during the archipelago's development.</jats:p>

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