Abundance of Virus-like Particles and its Links to Phytoplankton, Bacteria and Nutrients Cycling in Coastal Coral Ecosystem

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  • Ramphul Chitra
    Dept. of Energy and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
  • Casareto Beatriz Estela
    Dept. of Energy and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
  • Toshiyuki Suzuki
    Dept. of Energy and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
  • Yoshinaga Koichi
    Dept. of Energy and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
  • Yeemin Thamasak
    Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University
  • Suzuki Yoshimi
    Dept. of Energy and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) play key ecological roles in coral ecosystem. They can regulate the phytoplankton and prokaryotes dynamics and communities. Yet, the factors that regulate the abundance of VLPs within coastal coral ecosystem are not clearly established. The link between phytoplankton, microorganisms (VLPs, bacteria, and coccoid cyanobacteria) abundance and hydrographic factors (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH), as well as nutrient availability (nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, total dissolved nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved organic phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus) was studied in coral coastal seawater within 5 m depth at Bise (BE, Okinawa, Japan) and Tang Kheng Bay (TKB, Phuket, Thailand). Enumeration by epifluorescence microscopy revealed that VLPs were more abundant than bacteria and coccoid cyanobacteria. Phytoplankton carbon biomass was significantly higher in TKB than BE, but BE showed more planktonic diversity than TKB. VLPs abundance was strongly linked to phytoplankton, bacteria and inorganic nutrients. However, the ratio of virus:plankton and virus:bacteria differed between TKB and BE. The abundance of VLPs could be linked to the nutrient availability rather than the hydrographical parameters. Multiple regression analysis showed that ammonium had greater influence on the abundance of VLPs. Thus, marine viruses in coastal coral areas fulfill their ecological roles mostly in accordance to the prevailing nutrient availability.

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