部族主権の記憶と合衆国史へ反駁　ノーザン・シャイアンの史跡化営為

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  • Registering Tribal Memories as National Historic Sites: The Northern Cheyenne Tribe’s Fight against U.S. National History
  • ブゾク シュケン ノ キオク ト ガッシュウコクシ エ ハンバク : ノーザン ・ シャイアン ノ シセキカ エイイ

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<p>This study discusses Native American people’s current attempts to preserve memories of tribal sovereignty through the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, NHPA (as amended through 1992). The paper focuses on the Northern Cheyenne tribe which has been one of the most active native entities in terms of registering their sacred sites and battle sites as the National Historic Sites (NHS) and the National Historic Landmarks (NHL).</p><p>In the late 19th century, the Northern Cheyenne tribe fought the Indian Wars. In the mid-20th century, they reclaimed their sacred land, the Black Hills, through the Indian Claims Commission. At the time of the Indian Termination Policy (the 1940s and 1950s), the tribe defended their reservation by establishing the Tribal Land Acquisition Program. During the national energy crisis of the 1970s, they fought against energy conglomerates, successfully canceling the unjust coal lease agreements. The study views the tribe’s current efforts to register tribal memories as national historic sites, as a way to preserve integrity of their homeland as well as to argue against U.S. national history.</p><p>In the 1980s, Native tribes defended their sacred sites using the Free Exercise Clause, but lost cases to land developments. One of the federal/administrative responses to these court decisions was the 1992 NHPA amendment which mandates federal agencies to consult with Native tribes in order not to damage their sacred sites. Since the Civish case (2004) declared the historical importance of the Native’s sacred sites, the amended NHPA has encouraged the Native people’s efforts to preserue their land and heritage. The Sand Creek Massacre NHS, the Rosebud Battlefield NHL, and the Wolf Mountain Battlefield NHL are some of the sites which the Northern Cheyenne tribe successfully registered as the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). While the protection of the NRHP is promised by U.S. National Park Service (NPS), the tribe’s motives behind the NRHP applications varies; in some cases, to protect the integrity of the reservation by guarding the surrounding area, and in other cases, to keep tribal memories alive in order to compose a history from their point of view.</p><p>The NPS has a history of removing Native tribes from the area designated as National Parks, and now they are willing to embrace some of the tribal memories as a part of U.S. national history. While so far, outcomes of the negotiation between the two parties has been favorable to Native tribes, the NPS’s scope for the NRHP is still limited, mostly to battle sites. It is uncertain as to what extend the NRHP effectively functions as a means for the Native tribes to defend their land. For the Northern Cheyenne tribe, the historical interpretation of the Sand Creek Massacre has been under negotiation with the NPS, and the site’s General Management Plan is still a work-in-progress. The Native tribes’ efforts to register tribal memories as the NRHP continues to pose a deep question to the national narrative of the United States.</p>

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