Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Explanatum explanatum in India based on nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ITS2 and the mitochondrial gene nad1

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  • HAYASHI Kei
    Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
  • MOHANTA Uday K.
    Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
  • OHARI Yuma
    Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
  • NEERAJA Tambireddy
    Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University College of Fishery Science, Muthukur 524 344 SPSR Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
  • SINGH T. Shantikumar
    Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
  • SUGIYAMA Hiromu
    Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  • ITAGAKI Tadashi
    Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan

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  • Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of <i>Explanatum explanatum</i> in India based on nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ITS2 and the mitochondrial gene <i>nad1</i>

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<p>The aim of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between Explanatum explanatum populations in India and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. Seventy liver amphistomes collected from four localities in India were identified as E. explanatum based on the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ITS2. The flukes were then analyzed phylogenetically based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial gene nad1 in comparison with flukes from Bangladesh and Nepal. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, the nad1 haplotypes from India were divided into four clades, and the flukes showing the haplotypes of clades A and C were predominant in India. The haplotypes of the clades A and C have also been detected in Bangladesh and Nepal, and therefore, it seems they occur commonly throughout the Indian subcontinent. The results of AMOVA suggested that gene flow was likely to occur between E. explanatum populations in these countries. These countries are geographically close and have been historically and culturally connected to each other, and therefore, the movements of host ruminants among these countries might have been involved in the migration of the flukes and their gene flow.</p>

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