米国初等中等教育法の最新の再改定法（ESSA）の制定背景

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  • Behind the Latest Rewrite (ESSA) of the U.S. Elementary and Secondary Education Act: Rivalry and Compromise between the Two Major Parties over Federal Overreach
  • 米国初等中等教育法の最新の再改定法(ESSA)の制定背景 : 連邦政府の権限拡大をめぐる二大政党間の対立と妥協
  • ベイコク ショトウ チュウトウ キョウイクホウ ノ サイシン ノ サイカイテイホウ(ESSA)ノ セイテイ ハイケイ : レンポウ セイフ ノ ケンゲン カクダイ オ メグル ニダイ セイトウ カン ノ タイリツ ト ダキョウ
  • ―連邦政府の権限拡大をめぐる二大政党間の対立と妥協―

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<p>  In the United States, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama (Democrat) on December 10th, 2015, which rolls back federal authority in education and allows states more power over their accountability systems. ESSA is the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 enacted by President Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) in an effort to improve educational quality and opportunity for disadvantaged children. The previous reauthorization was the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 signed by President George W. Bush (Republican) in 2002, but there was an unprecedented situation in which the law had not been reauthorized for as many as 8 years since its deadline for renewal in 2007. </p><p>  This article deals with rivalry and compromise between the two major parties, as is reflected in the latest ESEA reauthorization bills and voting records, and it examines exchanges between Democrats who attempted to expand federal education budget and maintain federal authority based on their principles of promoting social justice and narrowing achievement gaps and Republicans who sought to control federal authority and bring it back to state and local governments based on their principles of promoting local control and fiscal conservatism. This article aims to clarify the reasons why the ESEA was not renewed for 8 years as well as the background for the enactment of the ESSA—a Republican-leaning bill, which significantly rolls back federal authority in education. </p><p>  As a background to understanding the ESSA, federal aid to education targeted toward disadvantaged children had persisted for a few decades since the enactment of ESEA in 1965, while federal authority was limited at that time. Federal authority in education has expanded through outcome-oriented reforms since the 1990s with the enactment and implementation of an ESEA rewrite (the Improving America’s Schools Act) in 1994 and the NCLB in 2002, causing criticism from supporters of both parties. It was further expanded through the promotion of specific education policies by the Obama administration through the Department of Education in the forms of conditions for applying for federal competitive grants called the Race to the Top (RTTT) and waivers from NCLB requirements, which resulted in fierce criticism mostly from Republicans. </p><p>  As for the reasons why the ESEA was not reauthorized for 8 years, although the Democratic members of Congress held the majority in both chambers for two years under the Bush administration starting in 2007, no agreement was made between the two parties as to how to renew the NCLB, and the law was not renewed. The Democrats maintained a majority in both chambers under the Obama administration inaugurated in 2009, but they were not able to take advantage of the situation of unified party government to rewrite the law due to other legislative priorities, such as economic recovery and health care reform. The Republicans took back the majority of the House in 2011, resulting in a divided-party government, and they could not compromise with the Democratic majority in the Senate as to how to reauthorize the ESEA for the coming four years as their views were quite different. In the meantime, the Obama administration bypassed the Congress (legislative branch) to renew the ESEA, and promoted its education policies through the Department of Education (executive branch) as conditions to the state governments when they applied for the RTTT grants and the NCLB waiver, resulting in further expansion of the federal authority causing fierce criticisms especially from Republicans. </p><p>  In 2014, the Republicans won the midterm election, and took control of both chambers in Congress, leading the ESEA renewal to finally move forward. They were frustrated with federal overreach under the Obama (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)</p>

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