Auxofuran, a Novel Metabolite That Stimulates the Growth of Fly Agaric, Is Produced by the Mycorrhiza Helper Bacterium <i>Streptomyces</i> Strain AcH 505

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<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title> <jats:p> The mycorrhiza helper bacterium <jats:italic>Streptomyces</jats:italic> strain AcH 505 improves mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi and formation of ectomycorrhizas between <jats:italic>Amanita muscaria</jats:italic> and spruce but suppresses the growth of plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that it produces both fungal growth-stimulating and -suppressing compounds. The dominant fungal-growth-promoting substance produced by strain AcH 505, auxofuran, was isolated, and its effect on the levels of gene expression of <jats:italic>A. muscaria</jats:italic> was investigated. Auxofuran and its synthetic analogue 7-dehydroxy-auxofuran were most effective at a concentration of 15 μM, and application of these compounds led to increased lipid metabolism-related gene expression. Cocultivation of strain AcH 505 and <jats:italic>A. muscaria</jats:italic> stimulated auxofuran production by the streptomycete. The antifungal substances produced by strain AcH 505 were identified as the antibiotics WS-5995 B and C. WS-5995 B completely blocked mycelial growth at a concentration of 60 μM and caused a cell stress-related gene expression response in <jats:italic>A. muscaria</jats:italic> . Characterization of these compounds provides the foundation for molecular analysis of the fungus-bacterium interaction in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between fly agaric and spruce. </jats:p>

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