The Solid waste handbook : a practical guide

Author(s)

• Robinson, William D.

Bibliographic Information

The Solid waste handbook : a practical guide

edited by William D. Robinson

Wiley, c1986

Note

"A Wiley-Interscience publication."

Includes bibliographies and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

A comprehensive, single-source reference of current issues in solid waste management designed as an aid in decision-making and assessment of future trends. Covers public perceptions, legislation, regulation, planning and financing, and technologies and operation. Reviews the evolution of waste management since the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, amended in 1978, 1980 and 1984. Examines common and divergent public and private concerns, including an in-depth review of public perceptions and their effect on planning and implementation. Also includes a discussion of the inadequacies of most waste quantity and composition estimates, with techniques for adequate evaluation. Looks at the misunderstanding and controversy over source separation and issues in municipal resource recovery from the viewpoint of the private scrap process industry. Also includes an unprecedented examination of the problem of bulky waste logistics and its effect on current disposal practice, and case histories and the current status of energy recovery from industrial waste. With over 500 tables, graphs, and illustrations.

Table of Contents

• Part 1 The Public Issues 1 Using The Handbook Who and How 3 William D. Robinson 1.1 Who and How 4 1.2 Issues That Are Controversial Neglected or Ignored 4 1.3 Chapter Abstracts 4 2 Legislation and Involved Agencies 9 William L. Kovacs 2.1 History of Solid Waste Management Laws 9 2.2 Hazardous Waste Aspects of RCRA 10 2.3 Solid Waste Guidelines and Planning Process 13 2.4 Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials 15 2.5 Other Federal Statutes Impacting on Solid Waste Management 16 2.5.1 Department of Energy 16 2.5.2 National Energy' Conservation Policy Act Pub. L. 95-619 18 2.5.3 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and PURPA 18 2.5.4 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 19 2.6 Implementation of RCRA 19 2.6.1 EPA's Implementation of RCRA 19 2.6.2 The EPA Solid Waste Program 20 2.6.3 The EPA 20 2.6.4 The Procurement of Recovered Materials 21 2.7 DOE's Impact on Solid Waste Management 21 2.8 Impact of New Federalism 21 2.9 Current and Future Issues in Solid Waste 23 2.9.1 The Liability Issue 23 2.9.2 Cost Competitiveness of New Technology 23 2.9.3 The Need for Solid Waste Flow Control and the Municipal Action Exemption 24 2.9.4 The Absent Parties in EPA Litigation-States and Municipalities 25 2.9.5 Procurement and Recycling 26 2.10 Summary 26 3 Public Perceptions and Community Relations 31 Lawrence Chertoff and Diane Buxbaum 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Resource Recovery Project Case Study 31 3.2.1 Facilities Investigated 31 3.2.2 Data-Gathering Technique 32 3.2.3 Summary of Interview Questions Asked 32 3.2.4 Communities Studied 32 3.3 Implications of Case Study 33 3.3.1 Motivating Forces 33 3.3.2 Militating Factors 33 3.3.3 Economic Considerations 33 3.3.4 Community Education 34 3.4 Case Analysis 34 3.4.1 Abandoned Projects 34 3.4.2 Abandoned Sites 36 3.4.3 Successful Projects 38 3.4.4 Projects in Doubt 39 3.5 Summary 40 4 The Feasibility Study Procurement and Construction Management 43 Stuart H. Russell Robert Brickner and Charles Peterson 4.1 The Feasibility Study 43 4.1.1 Introduction 43 4.1.2 Gathering Basic Data 44 4.1.3 Identifying Markets 52 4.1.4 Selecting Alternatives 56 4.1.5 Net System Cost Modeling 58 4.1.6 Comparing Alternatives 63 4.2 Procurement (and Construction Management) 68 4.2.1 Introduction 68 4.2.2 Approaches: A/E Turnkey. Full Service 69 4.2.3 Procurement Methods 73 4.2.4 Construction Management 77 5 Waste Disposal/Resource Recovery Plant Costs 93 W. D. Robinson and Sergio E. Martinez 5.1 Capital Cost 93 5.1.1 Spectrum of Facilities Costs 94 5.1.2 Preproject Expenses 95 5.1.3 Financing a New Plant 95 5.1.4 Foreign Financing 96 5.1.5 Preproject Engineering 96 5.1.6 Selecting a Consulting Engineer 96 5.1.7 Concept and System Choices: Reliability and Redundancy 97 5.1.8 Cost Control 97 5.1.9 Purchasing Procedures 99 5.2 Construction Cost 99 5.2.1 Schedules 100 5.2.2 Labor Cost 104 5.2.3 Cost Containment 105 5.2.4 Cost Controls 106 5.3 Operating Costs 107 5.3.1 Plant Ownership and Operation by Local Government 109 5.3.2 Private Operation and Publicly Owned Plants 109 5.3.3 Facilities Owned and Operated by Private Industry 109 5.3.4 Revenues 109 5.3.5 Expense 113 5.3.6 Profit 114 5.3.7 Cost Control 115 6 Economics and Financing of Resource Recovery Projects 121 Warren T. Gregory Jonathan M. Wooten Michael R Lissack and R. S. Madenburg 6.1 Resource Recovery Financing Structures 121 6.1.1 Public Ownership 121 6.1.2 Private Ownership Financing. 122 6.1.3 Leveraged Lease Financing Structures 124 6.1.4 Builder/Operator Ownership 125 6.1.5 Accounting Considerations 125 6.2 A Case Analysis: Various Financing Alternatives for a Cogeneration Resource Recovery Facility over 20 years 127 6.2.1 Landfill Only No Resource Recovery 127 6.2.2 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower Each Year 127 6.2.3 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower in Early Years (Beginning at Interest Only) and Higher in Later Years 127 6.2.4 Leveraged Lease Financings 131 6.2.5 Leveraged Lease Financings with Stabilization Fund in Early Years 131 6.2.6 Vendor Ownership Financings 131 6.3 Case Analysis Summary 132 Appendix 6.1 Assessing Waste-To-Knergy Project Risks 133 Appendix 6-2 Resource Recovery Ratings (Bonds) Approach 139 7 Legal Issues 151 Barry S. Shanoff and Jane C. Souzon 7.1 Waste Flow Control 151 7.1.1 Competitive Tipping Fees 151 7.1.2 Private Agreements and Contracts 151 7.1.3 Legislative Controls 152 7.2 Interstate Commerce 153 7.3 Finished landfill Site Continuing Liabilities 155 7.3.1 Insurance 156 7.3.2 Surety Bonds 156 7.3.3 Trust Funds 156 Appendix 7.1 Sample Franchise Administration and Rate-Averaging Procedure 156 Appendix 7.2 Sample Intermunicipal Agreement Re: Solid Waste 162 Appendix 7.3 Sample Indemnity Bond 171 Appendix 7.4 Sample Provisions-Landfill Environmental Trust Fund 172 Part 2 Implementation Issues: Systems Hardware Operations 8 Collection of Residential Solid Waste 177 H. Lanier Hickman Jr. 8.1 Introduction and Policy Overview 177 8.2 Managing Change in a Solid Waste Collection System 178 8.2.1 Introduction 178 8.2.2 Game Plan for Change 178 8.3 Cost Accounting Procedures for Solid Waste Collection Systems 179 8.3.1 Introduction 179 8.3.2 Enterprise Fund Accounting 179 8.3.3 System Deficiencies 179 8.3.4 Summary 180 8.4 Unions and Solid Waste Collection 180 8.4.1 Introduction 180 8.4.2 Collective Bargaining in Residential Solid Waste Collection 180 8.4.3 Managing Change 182 8.4.4 Summary 182 8.5 Contracting for Residential Solid Waste Collection 183 8.5.1 Introduction 183 8.5.2 Determining Type and Level of Service 183 8.5.3 Technical Specifications 183 8.5.4 Summary 185 8.6 Collection Equipment Maintenance Programs 185 8.6.1 Introduction 185 8.6.2 Planned Maintenance 185 8.6.3 Components in a Maintenance Program 185 8.6.4 Other Factors to Consider 186 8.6.5 Summary 187 8.7 Optimizing the Performance of Collection Services 187 8.7.1 Introduction 187 8.7.2 Factors Affecting Productivity and Costs 187 8.7.3 Measuring Productivity in Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 189 8.7.4 The Five-Stage Process Jo Improve Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 190 9 Transfer of Municipal Solid Waste 195 Laurence T. Schaper 9.1 The Transfer Station 195 9.1.1 Potential Advantages 195 9.1.2 Types of Users 196 9.2 Location 196 9.3 Design Choices 197 9.3.1 Station Concepts 197 9.3.2 Sizing Transfer Facilities 197 9.3.3 Site Development and Ancillary Facilities 202 9.4 Process Options 203 9.4.1 Baling 203 9.4.2 Shredding 204 9.5 Transfer Vehicles 204 9.5.1 Compaction Trailers 204 9.5.2 Noncompaction Trailers 204 9.5.3 Number of Vehicles Required 205 9.6 Materials-Handling Equipment 206 9.7 Maintenance 207 9.8 Cost Analysis and Case Studies 208 9.8.1 Cost Analysis 208 9.8.2 Case Studies 211 10 Source Separation and Citizen Recycling 215 Robert Cowles Letcher and Mary T. Sheil 10.1 Perceptions Analysis and Status 215 10.1.1 Recycling Defined 216 10.1.2 Source Separation Programs Defined 216 10.1.3 Recycling and the Waste Disposal Industry 216 10.1.4 Implications for Both Concepts 216 10.1.5 Waste: Perceptions and Perspectives 217 10.1.6 The Institutionalization of Waste Disposal 217 10.1.7 Benefits of Source Separation 219 10.1.8 Benefits of the Recycling System 220 10.1.9 Source Separation Versus Centralized Resource-Recovery Process Systems 221 10.1.10 Summary of Source Separation Program Incentives and Benefits 223 10.1.11 Summary of Materials Markets and Programs 227 10.1.12 Case Studies 229 10.2 Recycling: A Statewide Program for New Jersey 238 10.2.1 Background 240 10.2.2 Implementing the Recycling Plan 246 10.2.3 Meeting the Challenge 246 10.2.4 Collection of Recyclables 247 10.2.5 Recycling-A Cost Avoidance Mechanism 247 10.2.6 Market Expansion and Development 247 10.2.7 Education-The Key to Success 248 10.2.8 A Total Effort 248 Appendix 10.1 Sample Contract to Sell Used Papers 250 Appendix 10.2 State Recycling Associations 251 Appendix 10.3 Trade Associations of Industries Which Process or Use Recycled Materials 252 Appendix 10.4 Slate Resource Recovery Agencies 253 Appendix 10.5 New Jersey Programs 256 Program A: Municipal Curbside Collection with a Drop-Off Center 256 Program B: Municipal Curbside Collection 257 Program C: Drop-Off Centers in Urbanized/Suburban Regional Area Program 258 11 Land Disposal 259 Philip R. O'Leary Larry Canter William D Robinson 11.1 Landfill Disposal: Theory and Practice 259 11.1.1 Definition and Background 259 11.1.2 Principles of Operation 260 11.1.3 Biological and Chemical Processes 263 11.1.4 Environmental Protection Considerations 266 11.1.5 Guidelines: Federal and State 267 11.1.6 Landfill Development 267 11.1.7 Service Area Waste Quantities and Land Requirements 268 11.1.8 Siting Procedures 269 11.1.9 Techniques for Comparing Candidate Sites by Specific Issues 272 11.1.10 Public Involvement 274 11.1.11 Plan Preparation and Regulatory Approval 280 11.1.12 Leachate Formation and Control 286 11.1.13 Methane Gas Formation and Control 313 11.1.14 Landfill Operations 321 11.1.15 Landfill Equipment Selection and Utilization 323 11.1.16 On-Site Processing 326 11.1.17 Operator Safety 327 11.1.18 Site Closure and Long-term Care 329 11.2 Landfill With Bales 338 11.2.1 Background 338 11.2.2 The Baling Process 338 11.2.3 High-Density Balers 338 11.2.4 Medium-Density Balers 341 11.2.5 Transportation of Bales 343 11.2.6 The Balefill 345 11.2.7 Approximate Capita] and Operating Costs 345 11.2.8 Summaries of Balefill Test Results and Testing of Bales as Foundation Material 346 Appendix 11.1 Key Elements of the Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices 347 Appendix 11.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Determining Whether Solid Waste Disposal Activities Comply with Groundwater Protection Criteria 349 Appendix 11.3 Sanitary Landfill Inspection Report 351 Appendix 11.4 Sanitary Landfill Design and Operational Guidelines 354 Appendix 11.5 Sample of Technical Site Criteria for Chemical Waste Disposal 360 Appendix 11.6 Items lo Be Included in the Engineering Report for a Sanitary Landfill 364 Appendix 11.7 Landfill Site Rating Method 365 Appendix 11.8 Decision I-actors in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 369 Appendix 11.9 Evaluation of Solid Waste Baling and Landfilling 370 Ralph Stone and Richard Kahle Appendix 11.10 Engineering Study of Baled Solid Waste as Foundation Material 373 Roger G. Siutter 12 Resource Recovery: Prepared Fuels Energy and Materials 377 David J. Schlouhauer George E. Boyhan William D. Robinson Kenneth L. Woodruff Jay A. Campbell Gordon L. Sutin David G. Robinson E. Joseph Duckett Anthony R. Nollet and Robert H. Greeley 12.1 Energy Recovery Overview Processed Fuels 377 12.1.1 Dedicated Units 380 12.1.2 Modification of Existing Units 380 12.1.3 Energy Recovery Methods and Products 382 12.1.4 Cofiring 383 12.1.5 Codisposal 386 12.1.6 Economics and Case Histories 388 12.2 Processed Refuse Fuel Types 398 12.3 Methods of Combustion or Energy Recovery of Processed Fuels 400 12.3.1 Spreader Stoker Firing 401 12.3.2 Suspension-Fired Units 404 12.3.3 Fluidized Bed Units 405 12.3.4 Cyclone Furnace Firing 409 12.3.5 Pyrolysis 410 12.3.6 Cement Kilns 411 12.3.7 Bioconversion 412 12.4 Fuel Process Systems 415 12.4.1 Dry Process 416 12.4.2 Wet Process 417 12.4.3 Combined Dry/Wet System 417 12.4.4 Energy Output Comparison 419 12.4.5 Characteristics of Dry/Wet Systems 419 12.4.6 Market for RDF Fuel 419 12.4.7 RDF Storage 422 12.4.8 By-Product Recovery 423 12.5 Process and Materials-Handling Systems and Equipment
• Shredding and Receiving Systems 423 12.5.1 Background 423 12.5.2 Typical RDF Dry Process Components and Systems 424 12.5.3 Shredding and the Air-Classifier Anomalies 428 12.5.4 Size Reduction: Key Factors 429 12.5.5 Shredders 430 12.5.6 Shredder Operating Characteristics 432 12.5.7 Design/Operating Factors Common to Topfeed Shredders 436 12.5.8 Recent Improvements in Shredder Design 437 12.5.9 Flail Mills 441 12.5.10 Rotary Shear 442 12.5.11 Front-End Raw Material Receiving Systems 444 12.5.12 Front-End Receiving Conveyers and Burden Depth Control 446 12.5.13 Shredder Discharge Conveyers 449 12.5.14 Summary 449 12.6 Process and Materials Handling Equipment
• Rotary Shear Shredders Design and Operation 452 12.6.1 Background and Description 452 12.6.2 Operating Experience 453 12.6.3 Operating and Maintenance Costs 454 12.6.4 Applications 454 12.6.5 Shear Shredder Manufacturers 455 12.7 Process and Materials Handling Equipment: Screens for Solid Waste Processing 455 12.7.1 Background 455 12.7.2 Vibrating Screens 455 12.7.3 Trommel Screens 456 12.7.4 Disc Screens 458 12.7.5 Summary 459 12.7.6 Representative Installations 459 12.7.7 Solid Waste Processing Screen Manufacturers 460 12.8 Densified Refuse-Derived Fuel (dRDF) 461 12.8.1 Background 46 12.8.2 Production Technology Status 462 12.8.3 Densification Equipment Performance and Problems 462 12.8.4 dRDF Properties and Characteristics 467 12.8.5 Storage and Handling 469 12.8.6 Densification Costs 469 12.8.7 dRDF Combustion Experience 471 12.9 Refuse Derived Fuel Storage Retrieval and Transport 473 12.9.1 RDF Storage Retrieval and Transport 473 12.9.2 Remote Steam Plant and RDF Transport 474 12.9.3 Processing Facility and Steam Plant Same Site 474 12.9.4 Atlas Storage and Retrieval System 475 12.9.5 Miller Hofft Bin and Retrieval System 477 12.9.6 Concrete Hunker Bulk Storage 477 12.9.7 Floor Bulk Storage 479 12.9.8 Surge Storage 479 12.9.9 Miller Hofft Surge Bins 479 12.9.10 Sprout Waldron Surge Bins 479 12.9.11 Moving By-Pass Surge Storage Systems 479 12.9.12 Hooper Live-Bottom Bin 480 12.9.13 RDF Distribution and Feed 481 12.10 Recovered Materials Specifications and Markets 483 12.10.1 Introduction 483 12.10.2 Ferrous Metals 483 12.10.3 Glass 484 12.10.4 Aluminum 486 12.10.5 Paper and Corrugated 487 12.10.6 Other Miscellaneous Material 491 12.10.7 Conclusion 496 12.11 Recovered Materials-Equipment and Systems 497 12.11.1 Introduction 497 12.11.2 Air Classifiers 497 12.11.3 Ferrous Metal Recovery 498 12.11.4 Nonferrous Metals Recovery 503 12.11.5 Paper Recovery 504 12.11.6 Glass Recovery 505 12.11.7 Plastics Recovery 505 12.11.8 Ash Processing for Metals and Aggregate Recovery 506 12.12 Raw Material Quantity and Composition: A Final Check 507 12.12.1 Quantification Survey 507 12.12.2 Presurvey Planning 508 12.12.3 Survey Scope 509 12.12.4 Quantification Survey Work Tasks 513 12.12.5 Quantification Survey Summary Report 514 12.12.6 Waste Composition Survey 515 12.12.7 The Sorting Program 522 12.12.8 Laboratory Analysts 527 12.13 Health and Safety: Health Aspects 530 12.13.1 Explosion Protection 532 12.13.2 Dusts 536 12.13.3 Microbiological Aspects 537 12.13.4 Noise Control 538 12.13.5 Conclusion 539 12.14 Health and Safety: Implementation 541 12.14.1 Background and Scope 541 12.14.2 Safety Rules and Practice 542 12.14.3 Personnel Safety 544 12.14.4 Raw Material Presort 546 12.14.5 Raw Material Surveillance 548 12.14.6 Explosion Protection 550 12.14.7 Remedial Measures: Explosions in Resource-Recovery Plants 552 12.14.8 Postexplosion Procedures 554 13 Resource Recovery: Mass Burn Energy and Materials 557 Miro Dvirka 13.1 Mass Burn Energy Recovery Overview 557 13.1.1 Dedicated Unit: Boiler Types 557 13.2 Existing Units and Retrofits 560 13.3 Mass Burn Energy Products 561 13.3.1 Constraints. 561 13.3.2 Steam Generation 562 13.3.3 Power Generation 564 13.3.4 Cogeneration 565 13.4 Codisposal Sewage 567 13.4.1 Coburning (in suspension) of Predried Sludge Above Grate-Fired Refuse 567 13.4.2 Coburning Dewatered Sludge layered with Refuse in Furnace Feed 569 13.5 Field-Erected Units: Systems and Sizing 571 13.6 Raw Material Receiving and Storage 572 13.6.1 Pit/Bunker Sizing 572 13.6.2 Oversized Material 572 13.6.3 Fire and Ventilation 573 13.7 Retrieval and Furnace Feed 573 13.7.1 Crane Design Criteria 573 13.7.2 Crane Feed Cycle Design Criteria 574 13.8 Stoker and Furnace Design 575 13.8.1 Combustion Process Equations 575 13.8.2 Stoker Design 577 13.8.3 Furnace Design 581 13.9 Water-Cooled Rotary Combustor 587 13.10 Small-Scale "Modular" Units 590 13.10.1 Combustion Concepts 590 13.10.2 Raw Material Receiving and Storage Modular Units 590 13.10.3 Raw Material Retrieval and Feed Systems 590 13.10.4 Combustion Systems 591 13.10.5 Emissions Control Modular Units 591 13.10.6 Application Constraints 593 14 Resource Recovery: Air Pollutant Emissions and Control 595 Walter R. Niessen 14.1 Regulatory Context-Federal 595 14.1.1 National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 596 14.1.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 and Amendments 596 14.2 Regulatory Context-State and Local 597 14.3 Air Pollutant Uncontrolled Emissions 597 14.3.1 Inorganic Particulate and Comparison of Firing Methods 597 14.3.2 Combustible Particulate 605 14.3.3 Total Particulate 666 14.3.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 607 14.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 608 14.3.6 Sulfur Oxides 608 14.3.7 Hydrochloric Acid 609 14.3.8 Micropollutants 609 14.4 Control Technology 613 14.4.1 Particulate Matter 614 14.4.2 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons 617 14.4.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)t 617 14.4.4 Acid Gases 618 14.4.5 Micropollutants 618 15 Marketing Resource Recovery Products 621 Rigdon Boykin Bernays Thomas Barclay and Calvin Lieberman 15.1 Energy 621 15.1.1 Energy Marketing Principles 621 15.1.2 Federal Energy Law Affecting Marketing Considerations 625 15.1.3 Energy Values 628 15.1.4 Negotiating a Power Sales Contract 636 15.2 Marketing Recovered Materials
• A Viewpoint of the Private Scrap Processor 643 Calvin Lieberman 15.2.1 Choices in Strategic Planning 643 15.2.2 Identifying and Evaluating Markets 644 15.2.3 Evaluating Raw Material Supply and Recovery Technologies 645 15.2.4 Evaluating Risks 648 15.2.5 Recovered Materials Quality/Salability 648 15.2.6 Disincentives in Resource Recovery 648 15.2.7 Engineering with Unpredictable Raw Material 649 15.2.8 Raw Material How Control: A Word of Caution 649 15.2.9 Markets for Recovered Materials: The Hard Facts 650 16 Energy from Refuse in Industrial Plants 653 William D. Robinson and Fred Rohr 16.1 Background 653 16.2 Industrial Wastes as Boiler Fuel 653 16.3 Industrial Incinerators 654 16.3.1 Background 654 16.3.2 The Early Los Angeles Excess Air Refractory Furnace 654 16.3.3 Controlled Air Designs 655 16.4 Energy Recovery Methods 660 16.4.1 Background 660 16.4.2 Utilization Choices: Steam Hot Water Hot Air KW 662 16.4.3 Boiler Types 663 16.5 Operating and Maintenance Factors 664 16.5.1 Waterside Tube Failure 664 16.5.2 Fireside lube Wastage 664 16.5.3 Refractory Linings 664 16.5.4 Stokers 665 16.5.5 Ram Feed 665 16.5.6 Ash Removal 665 16.5.7 Feedwater Treatment 666 16.6 Industrial Solid Waste Incineration 666 16.6.1 Concept Choices 666 16.7 Industry as the Purchaser of Refuse Energy 668 16.8 Industrial Cogeneration 668 16.8.1 Background 668 16.8.2 Technology and Systems 671 16.8.3 Regulatory Factors 672 16.8.4 Economic Factors 672 16.8.5 Operation and Maintenance Cost Factors 673 16.8.6 Operating Cost Summary 673 16.9 Conclusions 675 Appendix 16.1 Two 200 TPD Composite Plant Designs for a Starved Air System and for an Excess Air System 677 Case Histories 680 17 Residential Commercial and Industrial Bulky Wastes 697 William D. Robinson 17.1 Introduction 697 17.2 Nature of the Waste 697 17.2.1 Residential Bulky Waste 697 17.2.2 Commercial Bulky Waste 698 17.2.3 Industrial Bulky Waste 698 17.3 Present Disposal Status 698 17.3.1 Background 698 17.4 Bulky Waste Process Experience 700 17.4.1 Background 700 17.5 Bulky Waste Processing Case Histories 703 17.5.1 City of Harrisburg Pennsylvania 703 17.5.2 City of Chicago Illinois Goose Island 706 17.5.3 Resources Recovery (Dade County) Inc. Miami Florida 707 17.5.4 City of East Chicago Indiana 714 17.5.5 City of Omaha Nebraska Solid Waste Recycling Center 719 17.5.6 City of Glen Cove New York Codisposal/Energy Recovery Facility 721 17.5.7 City of Montreal Quebec Canada 725 17.5.8 City of Kyoto Japan 725 17.5.9 City of Ansonia Connecticut 728 17.5.10 City of Tacoma Washington 728 17.6 Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734 17.6.1 Background 734 17.6.2 Summary of Aborted Projects 734 17.6.3 Analysis of Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734 Appendix 17.1 Omaha Shredder Product Screen Analysis and Noise Level Survey 735 18 Refuse Fuels in the Portland Cement Industry (Including Tires and Shredder Residue) 737 David Watson Heinrich Matthee and William D Robinson 18.1 Experience in England 737 18.1.1 Refuse versus Other Fuels-Technical Factors 737 18.1.2 Development of Blue Circle's Interest 738 18.1.3 Resume of Blue Circle's Experience 741 18.1.4 Current Developments 741 18.1.5 Questions and Answers 742 18.2 Experience in West Germany 743 18.2.1 Background: Tires 743 18.2.2 Miscellaneous Shredder Wastes 744 18.2.3 Auto Shredder Wastes 745 18.2.4 Asphaltic Sludge 746 18.3 Experience in North America 746 18.3.1 Background 746 18.3.2 Factors in a Discouraging Outlook 747 18.3.3 Scrapped Auto Shredding Residues 747 18.3.4 Conclusion 748 19 Biological Processes 749 Donald K. Walter James L. Easterly and Elizabeth C. Saris 19.1 Background 749 19.2 Anaerobic Digestion 750 19.2.1 Introduction 750 19.2.2 Basic Processes 750 19.2.3 Feedstocks 750 19.2.4 Products 751 19.2.5 Reactor Types 751 19.2.6 Design Parameters 753 19.3 Fermentation Processes 753 19.3.1 Background 753 19.3.2 Basic Processes 754 19.3.3 Feedstocks 754 19.3.4 Products 754 19.3.5 Design Parameters 755 19.4 Compost 755 19.4.1 Background 755 19.4.2 Basic Process 755 19.4.3 Process Description 755 19.4.4 Feedstocks 756 19.4.5 Products 756 19.4.6 Design Parameters 756 19.4.7 Reactor Types 757 19.5 Applications and Economics 757 19.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion 757 19.5.2 Fermentation 758 19.5.3 Composting 758 19.6 Case Histories 759 19.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion 759 19.6.2 Compost 761 Appendix 19.1 Biomass as Fuel tor Electric Generation: Planned and Existing Projects in the United States 763 Part 3 Hazardous Solid Wastes 20 Federal Regulatory Issues 773 William L. Kovacs 20.1 Introduction 773 20.2 History of the Federal Hazardous Waste Regulatory Program 773 20.2.1 Past Practices 773 20.2.2 Intent and Development of RCRA Congressional Debate 774 20.3 The Act-Its Organization Scope and Contents 775 20.3.1 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes 775 20.3.2 Requirements Imposed On Generators of Hazardous Waste 775 20.3.3 Requirements Imposed on Transporters of Hazardous Waste 775 20.3.4 Requirements Regulating Those Who Treat Store or Dispose of Hazardous Waste 776 20.3.5 Permit Authority 776 20.3.6 Authorized State Programs 777 20.3.7 Enforcement of RCRA 777 20.3.8 The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 778 20.4 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations under RCRA 780 20.4.1 40 C.F.R. Part 260 General Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management 780 20.4.2 40 C.F.R. Part 261 Regulations Identifying Hazardous Waste 780 20.4.3 40 C.F.R. Part 262 Requirements upon Generators of Hazardous Waste 782 20.4.4 40 C.F.R. Part 263 Requirements upon Transporters of Hazardous Waste 783 20.4.5 40 C.F.R. Part 264 Requirements upon Owners and Operators of Permitted Hazardous Waste Facilities 783 20.4.6 40 C.F.R. Part 265 Interim Status Standards 789 20.4.7 40 C.F.R. Part 267 Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New Hazardous Waste I .and Disposal Facilities 789 20.4.8 Interface of RCRA Regulations with State Programs (Part 271 Regulations) 790 20.5 EPA Its Organization and Regional Offices 791 20.6 EPA's Permitting Procedures 791 20.6.1 The Permit Application 791 20.7 EPA's Inspection Authority Reporting Requirements and Enforcement 792 20.7.1 Inspections 792 20.7.2 Reporting Requirements 792 20.7.3 Enforcement 793 20.8 The Superfund Program 793 20.8.1 Key Superfund Provisions and the Agencies that Implement It 793 20.8.2 The Relationship of Superfund to RCRA 794 20.9 Current Changes and Future Federal Role 795 20.9.1 Changes by the Reagan Administration 795 20.9.2 Future RCRA Regulatory Program 796 20.9.3 Future Superfund Program 796 20.10 Summary 796 21 State and Local Regulatory Issues 799 James Reynolds and H. Lanier Hickman Jr. 21.1 Introduction 799 21.2 State Program Development 799 21.2.1 Life before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 799 21.2.2 Standardization 800 21.2.3 Effects of RCRA 800 21.3 Policy Issues of Concern to Local Government 801 21.3.1 Introduction 801 21.3.2 Facility Siting 801 21.3.3 Economic Impact on Industry 801 21.3.4 The Exempted (Small) Generator 802 21.3.5 Closed and Abandoned Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites and Orphaned Hazardous Wastes 802 21.3.6 Emergency Response and Contingency Plans 802 21.3.7 Summary 803 Index 805

by "Nielsen BookData"

Details

• NCID: BA0103638X
• ISBN:
  • 0471877115
• LCCN: 85012454
• Country Code: us
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: New York
• Pages/Volumes: xxvii, 811 p.
• Size: 24 cm
• Classification:
  • LCC : TD897
  • DC19 : 628.4/4
  • NDLC : NA2
• Subject Headings:
  • LCSH : Factory and trade waste -- Handbooks, manuals, etc
  • LCSH : Refuse and refuse disposal -- Handbooks, manuals, etc