Cellular and molecular bases of biological clocks : models and mechanisms for circadian timekeeping
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Cellular and molecular bases of biological clocks : models and mechanisms for circadian timekeeping
Springer-Verlag, c1988
- : U.S.
- : Germany
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Includes bibliographies and indexes
内容説明・目次
内容説明
An intriguing class of biological periodicity consists of rhythms with about 24-hour periods occurring at every level of eukaryotic organization. Progress is being made in understanding these rhythms. The six chapters of this work include a brief introduction to circadian (24-hour) rhythms, a survey of circadian organization at the cellular level, and a description of the important microorganisms that have served as experimental models for biochemical analysis. Also considered are relations between cell division cycles and circadian oscillators, as well as some general and theoretical aspects. Where appropriate, parallels are drawn to neuronal oscillators. This volume will introduce and critically appraise modern chronobiology; its extensive illustrations and comprehensive up-to-date bibliography will make it an authoritative reference.
目次
1. Introduction.- 1.1 Temporal Organization.- 1.2 General Properties of Circadian Rhythms.- 1.3 Analogies with Shorter Periodicities.- 1.3.1 An Atlas of Cellular Ultradian Periodicities.- 1.3.2 The Glycolytic Oscillator.- 1.3.3 Rhythmic Flashing of Fireflies.- 2. Circadian Organization in Eukaryotic Microorganisms.- 2.1 Circadian Rhythms in Protozoa.- 2.1.1 Tetrahymena spp.- Rhythms of Cell Division.- Physiological Rhythms Observed During the Infradian Growth Mode.- Circadian Rhythmicity in Metabolism and Biochemistry.- 2.1.2 Paramecium spp.- 2.2 Circadian Rhythms in Unicellular Algae.- 2.2.1 Acetabularia spp.- 2.2.2 Chlamydomonas spp.- 2.2.3 Euglena spp.- Circadian Rhythms of Cell Division.- Circadian Rhythms of Cell Motility.- Rhythm of Phototaxis.- Dark Motility Rhythm (Dunkelbeweglichkeit).- Rhythm of Cell Settling.- Rhythms in Photosynthetic Capacity.- Rhythm in Cell Shape.- Oscillatory Enzymatic Activities.- 2.2.4 Gonyaulax spp.- Circadian Rhythms in Bioluminescence: Physiological Characteristics.- Circadian Rhythms in Photosynthesis.- 2.3 Circadian Rhythms in Fungi.- 2.1.1 Neurospora spp.- The Rhythm of Conidiation.- Expression in Various Strains.- Light Effects.- Temperature Effects.- Other Factors.- Rhythm of Carbon Dioxide Production.- Rhythm in Adenylate and Pyridine Nucleotides.- Rhythms in Nucleic Acid Metabolism.- Rhythms in Enzymatic Activities.- Rhythms in Synthesis of Heat-Shock Proteins.- Rhythms in Fatty Acids.- 2.1.2 Saccharomyces spp.- 3. Cell Cycle Clocks.- 1.1 Regulation of the Cell Division Cycle.- 1.1.1 Probabilistic Models.- 1.1.2 Deterministic Models.- Dependent Pathways.- Cell Sizers.- Autonomous Timers: Cell Cycle Clocks and Oscillators.- Relaxation Oscillators.- Limit Cycle Oscillators.- Quantal Cell Cycles.- 3.2 Cell Division Cycles and Circadian Oscillators.- 3.2.1 Interaction of Circadian Oscillators with the Cell Cycle.- Circadian Oscillators and the CDC in Phytoplankton and Other Unicells.- Circadian Clock Control of the CDC in Euglena.- Entrainability.- Persistence.- Initiation.- Phase Shiftability.- Singularity Point.- Temperature Compensation.- Circadian Rhythms of Mammalian Cell Proliferation.- 3.2.2 Ultradian, Circadian, and Infradian Interfaces.- The Characteristics of the Oscillator.- Insertion and Deletion of Time Segments in Cell Cycles.- The Circadian-Infradian Rule.- 4. Experimental Approaches to Circadian Clock Mechanisms.- 4.1 Quest for an Anatomical Locus: Autonomous Oscillators in Isolated Organs, Tissues, and Cells.- 4.1.1 Circadian Pacemakers at the Organ and Tissue Levels.- The Hypothalamus.- Gastropod Eyes.- The Pineal Gland.- Pineal Biochemistry.- Pineal Physiology and Circadian Organization.- Pineal Pacemakers In Vitro.- Other Animal Organs and Tissues.- Plant Pulvini and Stomata.- 4.1.2 Circadian Rhythms in Isolated Cells.- 4.1.3 Subcellular Circadian Rhythmicity.- 4.2 Tracing the Entrainment Pathway for Light Signals.- 4.2.1 Nature and Localization of the Photoreceptor.- Plant Photoreceptors.- Photoreceptors in Animals.- 4.2.2 Coupling Links Between Receptor and Clock.- Light-Blocking Experiments.- Light-Mimicking Experiments.- Entrainment Pathway for Serotonin.- 4.3 Dissection of the Clock: Perturbation by Chemicals.- 4.3.1 Nonspecific Compounds and Respiratory.- Inhibitors.- Early Studies: The Chemical Shelf.- Deuterium Oxide.- Respiratory Inhibitors.- Energy Charge.- 4.3.2 Inhibitors of Macromolecular Synthesis.- Transcription of DNA.- Translation and Protein Synthesis.- Acetabularia.- Gonyaulax.- Neurospora.- Aplysia.- 4.3.3 Membrane-Active Agents.- Alcohols.- Fatty Acids.- Ions.- Potassium and Other Monovalent Ions.- Calcium.- Membrane ATPases.- Cyclic AMP.- 4.1 Dissection of the Clock: Molecular Genetics.- 4.4.1 Isolation of Clock Mutants.- Chlamydomonas.- Neurospora.- Drosophila.- Circadian Clock Mutants.- Ultradian Clock Mutants.- 4.4.2 Recombinant DNA Studies: Cloning Clock Genes.- Isolation of a Clock Gene.- Restoration of Biochemical Rhythms in Transgenic Drosophila.- The Product of the per Locus.- Molecular Analysis of Neurospora Clock Genes.- 4.4.3 Alteration of Clock Properties in Biochemical.- Mutants.- Respiratory and Photosensitive Pigments.- Cyclic AMP.- Fatty Acid Metabolism and Other Biosynthetic Pathways.- Oligomycin and Cycloheximide Resistance.- 4.5 Characterizing the Coupling Pathway: Transducing Mechanisms Between Clocks and Their Hands.- 4.5.1 Rhythms of Bioluminescence in Gonyaulax.- 4.5.2 Rhythms of Photosynthesis in Gonyaulax.- 5. Biochemical and Molecular Models for Circadian Clocks.- 5.1 In Vitro Molecular Models.- 5.2 Biochemical Feedback Loop and Network Models.- 5.2.1 Ultradian Metabolic Oscillators.- The Glycolytic Oscillator in Yeast.- Elements of the Oscillator.- Modeling Circadian Clocks with a Glycolytic-Type Oscillator.- The Cyclic AMP Oscillator of the Cellular Slime Mold.- 5.2.2 Cell Energy Metabolism.- Energy Charge.- The Deposition Effect and the Generation of Circadian Periods.- Temperature-Compensated Ultradian Clocks in Respiration.- 5.2.3 Coupled Oscillators.- 5.2.4 Periodic Enzyme Synthesis and Other Cyclic.- Epigenetic Events.- Periodic Enzyme Synthesis.- Self-Sustained Enzyme Oscillations.- Models of Microbial Enzyme Synthesis.- Other Cyclic Epigenetic Events.- 5.2.5 Circadian Biochemical Oscillators.- Cyclic AMP Models.- Models Based on the Mitochondrial Calcium Cycle.- 5.2.6 Infradian Metabolic Oscillators.- Regulation of Metabolic Pathways in Noncircadian Sporulation Rhythms.- Seasonal Rhythms and Photoperiodism.- 5.1 Transcriptional (Tape-Reading) Models.- 5.3.1 Specificity and Antispecificity Factors in Time Metering.- 5.3.2 The Chronon Model.- 5.3.3 Chronogenes and Cell Division Cycles.- 5.2 Membrane Models.- 5.4.1 Early Membrane Models.- 5.4.2 Coupled Translation-Membrane Model.- 5.4.3 Monovalent Ion-Mediated Translational Control Model.- 5.4.4 Other Variations on the Membrane Model Theme.- 5.3 Problems and Prospects.- 6. General Considerations and Conclusions.- 6.1 Evolution of Circadian Rhythmicity.- 6.1.1 Early Selection for Biological Clocks.- 6.1.2 Ultradian Clocks: Small Steps Toward Circadian Oscillators?.- 6.2 Multiple Cellular Oscillators.- 6.2.1 Intracellular Clockshops.- 6.2.2 Intercellular Communication and Coupled Oscillators.- 6.3 The Breakdown of Temporal Organization at the Cellular Level.- 6.3.1 Dysfunction of Cellular Pacemakers in Pathology and Disease.- The Cardiac Pacemaker.- Tremor.- Epilepsy.- Aging Clocks?.- 6.3.2 Cancer: The Malignant Transformation.- 6.4 Cellular Aspects of Chronopharmacology and Chronotherapy.- 6.5 Cellular Clocks in Development and Aging.- 6.5.1 Timing of Developmental Events.- 6.5.2 Spatial and Temporal Morphogenetic Fields.- 6.5.3 Aging: Life Cycle Clocks?.- 6.6 Epilogue.- References.- Author Index.
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