General chemistry : principles and modern applications /Ralph H. Petrucci ... [et al.]
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書誌事項
General chemistry : principles and modern applications /Ralph H. Petrucci ... [et al.]
Pearson Education, c2007
9th ed
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注記
Includes index
"Peason international edition"--Cover
内容説明・目次
内容説明
For 2-semester or 3-quarter general chemistry courses.
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications is recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, precision of argument, and precise and detailed treatment of the subject. Popular and innovative features include Feature Problems, follow-up A and B Practice Exercises to accompany every in-chapter Example, Focus On application boxes, and new Keep in Mind marginal notes
目次
- This is a preliminary Table of Contents. NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Summary, Integrative Example, Exercises, Integrative and Advanced Exercises, Feature Problems, Self-Assessment Questions, and eMedia Exercises. 1 Matter-Its Properties and Measurement 1-1 The Scientific Method 1-2 Properties of Matter 1-3 Classification of Matter 1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units 1-5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements 1-7 Significant Figures Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater 2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory 2-1 Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory 2-2 Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics 2-3 The Nuclear Atom 2-4 Chemical Elements 2-5 Atomic Masses 2-6 Introduction to the Periodic Table 2-7 The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant 2-8 Using the Mole Concept in Calculations Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements 3 Chemical Compounds 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas 3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds 3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds 3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds 3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds 3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds 3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds Focus on Mass Spectrometry-Determining Molecular Formulas 4 Chemical Reactions 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution 4-4 Determining the Limiting Reactant 4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry Focus on Industrial Chemistry 5 Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 5-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions 5-2 Precipitation Reactions 5-3 Acid-Base Reactions 5-4 Oxidation-Reduction: Some General Principles 5-5 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations Focus on Water Treatment 6 Gases 6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure 6-2 The Simple Gas Laws 6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation 6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation 6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions 6-6 Mixtures of Gases 6-7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases 6-8 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 6-9 Nonideal (Real) Gases Focus on Earth's Atmosphere 7 Thermochemistry 220 7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology 7-2 Heat 7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry 7-4 Work 7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 7-6 Heats of Reaction: DU and DH 7-7 Indirect Determination of DH: Hess's Law 7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage 8 Electrons in Atoms 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation 8-2 Atomic Spectra 8-3 Quantum Theory 8-4 The Bohr Atom 8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics 8-6 Wave Mechanics 8-7 Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals 8-8 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom 8-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number 8-10 Multielectron Atoms 8-11 Electron Configurations 8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Focus on Helium-Neon Lasers 9 The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties 9-1 Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table 9-2 Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions 9-3 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions 9-4 Ionization Energy 9-5 Electron Affinity 9-6 Magnetic Properties 9-7 Periodic Properties of the Elements Focus on The Periodic Law and Mercury 10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts 10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview 10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction 10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps 10-4 Writing Lewis Structures 10-5 Resonance 10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 10-7 Shapes of Molecules 10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths 10-9 Bond Energies Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths 11 Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects 11-1 What a Bonding Theory Should Do 11-2 Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method 11-3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 11-4 Multiple Covalent Bonds 11-5 Molecular Orbital Theory 11-6 Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule 11-7 Bonding in Metals 11-8 Some Unresolved Issues
- Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy 12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces 12-1 Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids 12-2 Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure 12-3 Some Properties of Solids 12-4 Phase Diagrams 12-5 Van der Waals Forces 12-6 Hydrogen Bonding 12-7 Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids 12-8 Crystal Structures 12-9 Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals Focus on Liquid Crystals 13 Solutions and Their Physical Properties 13-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology 13-2 Solution Concentrations 13-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process 13-4 Solution Formation and Equilibrium 13-5 Solubilities of Gases 13-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions 13-7 Osmotic Pressure 13-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 13-9 Solutions of Electrolytes 13-10 Colloidal Mixtures Focus on Chromatography 14 Chemical Kinetics 14-1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction 14-2 Measuring Reaction Rates 14-3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law 14-4 Zero-Order Reactions 14-5 First-Order Reactions 14-6 Second-Order Reactions 14-7 Reaction Kinetics: A Summary 14-8 Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics 14-9 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates 14-10 Reaction Mechanisms 14-11 Catalysis Focus on Combustion and Explosions 15 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium 15-1 Dynamic Equilibrium 15-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression 15-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants 15-4 The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant 15-5 The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change 15-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Chatelier's Principle 15-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds 16 Acids and Bases 16-1 Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review 16-2 Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases 16-3 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale 16-4 Strong Acids and Strong Bases 16-5 Weak Acids and Weak Bases 16-6 Polyprotic Acids 16-7 Ions as Acids and Bases 16-8 Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior 16-9 Lewis Acids and Bases Focus on Acid Rain 17 Additional Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria 17-1 The Common-Ion Effect in Acid-Base Equilibria 17-2 Buffer Solutions 17-3 Acid-Base Indicators 17-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves 17-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids 17-6 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary Focus on Buffers in Blood 18 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria 18-1 Solubility Product Constant, 18-2 Relationship Between Solubility and 18-3 Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria 18-4 Limitations of the Concept 18-5 Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness 18-6 Fractional Precipitation 18-7 Solubility and pH 18-8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 18-9 Qualitative Cation Analysis Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils 19 Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy 19-1 Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change 19-2 The Concept of Entropy 19-3 Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes 19-4 Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics 19-5 Standard Free Energy Change, DG Degrees 19-6 Free Energy Change and Equilibrium 19-7 DG Degrees and as Functions of Temperature 19-8 Coupled Reactions Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems 20 Electrochemistry 20-1 Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement 20-2 Standard Electrode Potentials 20-3 DG, and 20-4 as a Function of Concentrations 20-5 Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions 20-6 Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells 20-7 Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur 20-8 Industrial Electrolysis Processes Focus on Membrane Potentials 21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14 21-1 Group 1: The Alkali Metals 21-2 Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals 21-3 Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water 21-4 Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family 21-5 Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family Focus on Gallium Arsenide 22 Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen 22-1 Group 18: The Noble Gases 22-2 Group 17: The Halogens 22-3 Group 16: The Oxygen Family 22-4 Group 15: The Nitrogen Family 22-5 Hydrogen: A Unique Element Focus on The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role 23 The Transition Elements 23-1 General Properties 23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy 23-3 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel 23-4 First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese 23-5 The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel 23-6 Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold 23-7 Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury 23-8 Lanthanides Focus on High Temperature Superconductors 24 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 24-1 Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview 24-2 Ligands 24-3 Nomenclature 24-4 Isomerism 24-5 Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory 24-6 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory 24-7 Color and the Colors of Complexes 24-8 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria 24-9 Acid-Base Reactions of Complex Ions 24-10 Some Kinetic Considerations 1 24-11 Applications of Coordination Chemistry Focus on Colors in Gemstones 25 Nuclear Chemistry 25-1 Radioactivity 25-2 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes 25-3 Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity 25-4 Transuranium Elements 25-5 Rate of Radioactive Decay 25-6 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions 25-7 Nuclear Stability 25-8 Nuclear Fission 25-9 Nuclear Fusion 25-10 Effect of Radiation on Matter 25-11 Applications of Radioisotopes Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal 26 Organic Chemistry 26-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview 26-2 Alkanes 26-3 Alkenes and Alkynes 26-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 26-5 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 26-6 Aldehydes and Ketones 26-7 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 26-8 Amines 26-9 Heterocyclic Compounds 26-10 Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds 26-11 An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at Hybridized Carbon Atoms 26-12 Synthesis of Organic Compounds 26-13 Polymerization Reactions Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes 27 Chemistry of the Living State 27-1 Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview 27-2 Lipids 27-3 Carbohydrates 27-4 Proteins 27-5 Aspects of Metabolism 27-6 Nucleic Acids Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code APPENDICES A Mathematical Operations A-1 Exponential Arithmetic A-2 Logarithms A-3 Algebraic Operations A-4 Graphs A-5 Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis) B Some Basic Physical Concepts B-1 Velocity and Acceleration B-2 Force and Work B-3 Energy B-4 Magnetism B-5 Static Electricity B-6 Current Electricity B-7 Electromagnetism C SI Units C-1 SI Base Units C-2 SI Prefixes C-3 Derived SI Units A C-4 Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned A16 D Data Tables D-1 Ground-State Electron Configurations D-2 Thermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15 K D-3 Equilibrium Constants D-4 Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 DegreesC E Concept Mapping F Glossary G Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises Photo Credits Index
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