Taking sides : clashing views in business ethics and society
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Taking sides : clashing views in business ethics and society
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, c2008
10th ed
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内容説明・目次
内容説明
This Tenth Edition of "Taking Sides: Clasing Views in Business Ethics and Society" presents current controversial issues in a debate-style format designed to stimulate student interest and develop critical thinking skills. Each issue is thoughtfully framed with an issue summary, an issue introduction, and a postscript. An instructor's manual with testing material is available for each volume. Using "Taking Sides in The Classroom" is also an excellent instructor resource with practical suggestions on incorporating this effective approach in the classroom. Each "Taking Sides" reader features an annotated listing of selected World Wide Web sites and is supported by our student website.
目次
- UNIT 1 CAPITALISM AND THE CORPORATION <comment>35506 Issue 1. Can Capitalism Lead to Human Happiness? YES: <comment>24420 Adam Smith, from An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1869) NO: <comment>24421 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, from The Communist Manifesto (1848) If we will but leave self-interested people to seek their own advantage, Smith argues, the result, unintended by any one of them, will be the greater advantage of all. No government interference is necessary to protect the general welfare. Marx disagrees
- leave people to their own self-interested devices, he replies, and those who by luck and inheritance own the means of production will rapidly reduce everyone else to virtual slavery. The few may be fabulously happy, but all others will live in misery. <comment>35508 Issue 2. Can Restructuring a Corporation's Rules Make a Moral Difference? YES: <comment>29911 Josef Wieland, from "The Ethics of Governance," Business Ethics Quarterly (January 2001) NO: <comment>29854 Ian Maitland, from "Distributive Justice in Firms: Do the Rules of Corporate Governance Matter?" Business Ethics Quarterly (January 2001) Josef Wieland, director of the German Business Ethics Network's Centre for Business Ethics, argues that the performative nature of communications like Codes of Ethics in a corporation gives moral impetus to the corporation that issues such a code. It announces its willingness to be held accountable to the code as to a promise. Ian Maitland, Professor of Business, Government and Society at the University of Minnesota's Carlson School of Management, thinks that such moral structuring has no effect at all on the corporation's moral performance (for instance, in distributive justice), but if taken too seriously, might impair the efficiency of the corporation and therefore its ability to create wealth for all its stakeholders. <comment>35509 Issue 3. Should Corporations Adopt Policies of Corporate Social Responsibility? YES: <comment>35486 Robert D. Hay and Edmund R. Gray, from "Introduction to Social Responsibility," in David Keller, man. ed., Ethics and Values (Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002) NO: <comment>35487 Milton Friedman, from "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits," in Thomas Donaldson and Patricia H. Werhane, eds., Ethical Issues in Business, 4th ed. (Prentice Hall, 1993) Business leaders now recognize, Hay and Gray argue, that in the long run, business will only be successful if it is directed to the needs of the society--and if it chooses to ignore that advice, government regulation is likely to fill the gap between business operations and the welfare of the people the government is sworn to protect. Friedman argues that businesses have neither the right nor the ability to fool around with "social responsibility
- " they serve employees and customers best when they do their work with maximum efficiency. <comment>700159 Issue 4. Is It a Mistake to Urge Corporate Managers to Be Moral? <new> YES: <comment>46637 John R. Boatright, from "Does Business Ethics Rest on a Mistake?" Business Ethics Quarterly (October 1999) <new> NO: <comment>46638 Jack Guynn, from "Ethical Challenges in a Market Economy," Delivered to the Scott Symposium on Business Ethics (April 11, 2005) John Boatright, Baumhart Professor of Business Ethics at Loyola College, argues that corporate managers already have a moral duty--to carry out their role as steward of the resources of the corporation--and that if we want more ethical business practices, we should structure our markets to bring business incentives in line with ethics. Jack Guynn, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, insists that the moral foundation of the market system is not law and courts, but individual trustworthiness and willingness to act morally. UNIT 2 CURRENT BUSINESS ISSUES <comment>700160 Issue 5. Is Privatizing Social Security Good Business? <new> YES: <comment>46639 David Altig and Jagadeesh Gokhale, from "Social Security Privatization," Cato Institute, www.cato.org/pubs/ssps NO: <comment>41980 Thomas N. Bethell, from "What's the Big Idea?" AARP Bulletin (April 2005) Altig and Gokhale are participants in the conservative Cato Project on Social Security Privatization, convinced that there is "growing support for privatizing the retirement program" as its "problems become more apparent." Thomas Bethell, on the contrary, finds nine alternatives which would avoid both punishing taxation and cuts in benefits, without giving the money to the private sector. <comment>700161 Issue 6. Should the States Regulate Appropriate Business Behavior? <new> YES: <comment>46640 Eliot Spitzer, from "Business Ethics Regulation," Vital Speeches of the Day (January 31, 2005) <new> NO: <comment>46641 Alan R. Yuspeh, from "Strengthening Ethics and Compliance Programs," Vital Speeches of the Day (April 8, 2005) Eliot Spitzer, then Attorney General (now Governor) of New York State, points out that the business community has been consistent in its opposition to transparency, disclosure, and obligation to the public, and especially to all law, rule, or prosecution that aims to obtain those. Under the circumstances, enforced law is necessary to protect the public. Alan Yuspeh, Senior Vice President for Ethics, Compliance and Corporate Responsibility at HCA, presents the Ethics Officers Association with arguments that voluntary initiatives can accomplish major ethical reform in business. <comment>700162 Issue 7. Is Wal-Mart a Good Model for Retail Sales? YES: <comment>40879 Sam Walton with John Huey, from Made in America (Doubleday, 1992) <new> NO: <comment>46642 George Miller, from "Everyday Low Wages," http://edworkforce.house.gov (February 16, 2004) Wal-Mart has become a focus of controversy, but Sam Walton was absolutely convinced that he and his associates had set up a model company, totally dedicated to giving consumers what they want, which is what retail sales are all about, while treating their employees with the utmost respect. George Miller, congressman from California, is on the House Education and Workforce Committee, from the records of which this piece is taken. In his view, Wal-Mart abuses workers, impoverishes the American business scene, and ultimately places the burden of its low wages and benefits on the taxpayers. <comment>35514 Issue 8. Does the Enron Collapse Show that We Need More Regulation of the Energy Industry? YES: <comment>35504 Richard Rosen, from "Regulating Power: An Idea Whose Time Is Back," The American Prospect (March 25, 2002) NO: <comment>35505 Christopher L. Culp and Steve H. Hanke, from "Empire of the Sun: An Economic Interpretation of Enron's Energy Business," Cato Policy Analysis No. 470 (February 20, 2003) It seems reasonably clear to Richard Rosen that the disastrous collapse of the Enron energy company--accompanied by soaring prices in California, disruptions of the market here and abroad, and accusations of fraud all around--means we need more government oversight. Not so, say Culp and Hanke
- it was the unwise regulation that caused the problem in the first place, and only de-regulation will let the market clear up the problems with the industry. UNIT 3 HUMAN RESOURCES: THE CORPORATION AND EMPLOYEES <comment>35515 Issue 9. Does Blowing the Whistle Violate Company Loyalty? YES: <comment>24438 Sissela Bok, from "Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility," New York University Education Quarterly (Summer 1980) NO: <comment>24439 Robert A. Larmer, from "Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty," Journal of Business Ethics (vol. 11, 1992) When TIME magazine chose three whistleblowers--Sherron Watkins, Coleen Rowley and Cynthia Cooper--as "Persons of the Year" for 2002, we were reminded that the employee who calls attention to wrongdoing plays a crucial role in our society. Philosopher Sissela Bok asserts that blowing the whistle, even if necessary on occasion, involves a breach of loyalty to the employer. Philosopher Robert A. Larmer argues that attempting to stop unethical company activities exemplifies, not challenges, company loyalty. <comment>700163 Issue 10. Is Employer Monitoring of Employee E-Mail Justified? YES: <comment>45318 Chauncey M. DePree, Jr. and Rebecca K. Jude, from "Who's Reading Your Office E-Mail? Is That Legal?" Strategic Finance (April 2006) <new> NO: <comment>46643 USA Today from "E-monitoring of Workers Sparks Concerns," USA Today Newspaper (May 29, 2001) DePree and Jude acknowledge the resentment of the monitored, but contend that corporations are liable for the communications of their employees and therefore have not only the right but the duty to monitor e-exchanges. The Reuters report calls attention to the fact that e-monitoring is not only unprecedented, but also unregulated and potentially unlimited, and without the worker's consent seems to be seriously wrong. <comment>40881 Issue 11. Is "Employment-at-Will" Good Social Policy? YES: <comment>40882 Richard A. Epstein, from "In Defense of the Contract at Will," University of Chicago Law Review (Fall 1984) NO: <comment>40883 John J. McCall, from "In Defense of Just Cause Dismissal Rules," Business Ethics Quarterly (April 2003) Richard Epstein defends the "at-will" contract as an appropriate expression of autonomy of contract on the part of both employee and employer, and as a means to the most efficient operations of the market. John McCall argues that the defense of the Employment-At-Will doctrine does not take account of its economic and social consequences, and is in derogation of the very moral principles that underlie private property and freedom of contract. <comment>700164 Issue 12. Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance? YES: <comment>45434 Ira T. Kay, from "Don't Mess with CEO Pay," Across the Board (January/February 2006) NO: <comment>45433 Edgar Woolard, Jr., from "CEOs Are Being Paid Too Much," Across the Board (January/February 2006) Ira Kay, a consultant on executive compensation for Watson Wyatt Worldwide, argues that in general the pay of the CEO tracks the company's performance, so in general CEOs are simply paid to do what they were hired to do--bring up the price of the stock to increase shareholder wealth. Edgar Woolard, a former CEO himself, holds that the methods by which CEO compensation is determined are fundamentally flawed, and suggests some significant changes. UNIT 4 CONSUMER ISSUES <comment>35518 Issue 13. Are Marketing and Advertising Fundamentally Exploitative? YES: <comment>24444 John P. Foley, from "Ethics in Advertising," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (Fall 1998) NO: <comment>24445 Gene R. Laczniak, from "Reflections on the 1997 Vatican Statements Regarding Ethics in Advertising," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (Fall 1998) The Pontifical Council for Social Communications (1997) charges that advertising can be deceptive, improperly influential on media editorial policy, and often promotes a lifestyle based on unbridled consumption. Laczniak points out that many of the document's claims are overstated, only partially true, economically naive, and socially idealistic
- the Church's contribution to the debate is vitiated by such errors. <comment>700165 Issue 14. Is Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceuticals Bad for Our Health? <new> YES: <comment>46644 Sidney M. Wolfe, from "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising--Education or Emotion Promotion?" The New England Journal of Medicine (February 14, 2002) <new> NO: <comment>46645 Alan F. Holmer, from "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising--Strengthening Our Health Care System," The New England Journal of Medicine (February 14, 2002) In this powerful debate, invited by The New England Journal of Medicine, two students of current pharmaceutical practices square off: Sidney Wolfe, M.D., of the Public Citizen Health Research Group in Washington, D.C., cites the dangers of overpromoting cures to the consumer, while Alan Holmer, J.D., of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, also in Washington, insists that more information for consumers can only improve the health of Americans. <comment>35519 Issue 15. Was Ford to Blame in the Pinto Case? YES: <comment>24450 Mark Dowie, from "Pinto Madness," Mother Jones (September/October 1977) NO: <comment>24451 Ford Motor Company, from Closing Argument by Mr. James Neal, Brief for the Defense, State of Indiana v. Ford Motor Company, U.S. District Court, South Bend, Indiana (January 15, 1980) Investigative journalist Mark Dowie alleges that Ford Motor Company deliberately put an unsafe car--the Pinto--on the road, causing hundreds of people to suffer burn deaths and horrible disfigurement. James Neal, chief attorney for Ford Motor Company during the Pinto litigation, argues that there is no proof of criminal intent or negligence on the part of Ford. <comment>35520 Issue 16. Should We Require Labeling for Genetically Modified Food? YES: <comment>29855 Philip L. Bereano, from "The Right to Know What We Eat," The Seattle Times (October 11, 1998) NO: <comment>29856 Joseph A. Levitt, from "Statement Before the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee," United States Senate7 (September 26, 2000) Philip Bereano argues that the consumer's interest in knowing where his food comes from does not necessarily have to do with the chemical and nutritional properties of the food. We have a real and important interest in knowing the processes by which our foods arrived on the table, and the demand for a label for bioengineered foods is entirely legitimate. Addressing the U.S. Senate, Joseph Levitt points out that as far as the law is concerned, only the nutritional traits and characteristics of foods are subject to safety assessment. UNIT 5 GLOBAL OBJECTIVES <comment>35521 Issue 17. Are Multinational Corporations Free from Moral Obligation? YES: <comment>24452 Manuel Velasquez, from "International Business, Morality and the Common Good," Business Ethics Quarterly (January 1992) NO: <comment>24453 John E. Fleming, from "Alternative Approaches and Assumptions: Comments on Manuel Velasquez," Business Ethics Quarterly (January 1992) Ethicist Manuel Velasquez argues that since any business that tried to conform to moral rules in the absence of enforcement would cease to be competitive, moral strictures cannot be binding on such companies. John E. Fleming asserts that multinational corporations tend to deal with long-term customers and suppliers in the goldfish bowl of international media and must therefore adhere to moral standards or lose business. <comment>35523 Issue 18. Should Patenting Life Be Forbidden? YES: <comment>24456 Jeremy Rifkin, from "Should We Patent Life?" Business Ethics (March/April 1998) NO: <comment>24457 William Domnarski, from "Dire New World," Intellectual Property Magazine (January 1999) Jeremy Rifkin charges that if the trend to patenting life continues, all the genes in our bodies will belong no longer to us but to the global pharmaceutical firms that own the patents. William Domnarski finds Rifkin's attacks shrill, misdirected, and generally out of touch with the reality of genuine progress in the fields of genetic engineering. UNIT 6 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY <comment>35525 Issue 19. Do Environmental Restrictions Violate Basic Economic Freedoms? YES: <comment>29857 John Shanahan, from "Environment," in Stuart M. Butler and Kim R. Holmes, eds., Issues '96': The Candidate's Briefing Book (Heritage Foundation, 1996) NO: <comment>25177 Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, from "Brownlash: The New Environmental Anti-Science," The Humanist (November/December 1996) John Shanahan, vice president of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution in Arlington, Virginia, argues that many government environmental policies are unreasonable and infringe on basic economic freedoms. Environmental scientists Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich argue that many objections to environmental protections are self-serving and based in bad or misused science. <comment>700166 Issue 20. Is Bottling Water a Good Solution to Problems of Water Purity and Availability? YES: <comment>41154 Julie Stauffer, from "Water," Body + Soul (April/May 2005) NO: <comment>41063 Brian Howard, from "Message in a Bottle," E: The Environment Magazine (September/October 2003) The commonly available in formation on bottled water certainly conveys the impression that it is purer and better than mere tap water
- all the ads conjure up a vigorous and healthy outdoor lifestyle amid forests, lakes, and pure flowing springs. Brian Howard argues that bottling water is environmentally disastrous, because of the huge drains on scarce aquifers and the haphazard disposal of the plastic bottles, and that tap water is often superior to bottled in purity. <comment>38451 Issue 21. Should the World Continue to Rely on Oil as a Major Souce of Energy? YES: <comment>42854 Red Cavaney, from "Global Oil Production About to Peak? A Recurring Myth," World Watch (January/February 2006) NO: <comment>42855 James Howard Kunstler, from The Long Emergency (Grove/Atlantic, 2005) Red Cavaney, president and CEO of the American Petroleum Institute, argues that recent revolutionary advances in technology will yield sufficient quantities of available oil for the foreseeable future. James Howard Kunstler, author of The Long Emergency/2005, suggests that simply passing the all-time production peak of oil and heading toward its point of depletion will result in a global energy predicament that will seriously change our lives.
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