Anticancer Effects of Phenoxazine Derivatives Revealed by Inhibition of Cell Growth and Viability, Disregulation of Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis Induction in HTLV-1-Positive Leukemia Cells

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  • Miyano-Kurosaki Naoko
    Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
  • Ikegami Kou
    Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
  • Kurosaki Kunihiko
    Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
  • Endo Takahiko
    Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
  • Aoyagi Hoshimi
    Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
  • Hanami Mari
    Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
  • Yasumoto Jun
    Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
  • Tomoda Akio
    Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Japan

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Abstract

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant tumor of human CD4+ T cells infected with a human retrovirus, T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effects of phenoxazines, 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4α-dihydro-4α,8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) on a T cell leukemia cell line from ATL patients, MT-1 cells; HTLV-1 transformed T-cell lines, HUT-102 cells and MT-2 cells; and an HTLV-1–negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells. Among these phenoxazines, Phx-3 at concentrations of less than 10 μg/ml extensively inhibited growth and cell viability; arrested cell cycles at sub G0/G1 phase; and augmented apoptosis of MT-1, HUT-102, and MT-2 cells. However, these phenoxazines did not affect the cell viability of an HTLV-1–negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells, and phytohemaggutinin-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although they markedly inhibited the growth of these cells. The transmission of HTLV-1 from HTLV-1–positive cells (MT-2 cells) to HTLV-1–negative cells (XC cells) was considered to be prevented by Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 because the syncytium formation between these cells was inhibited markedly in the presence of these phenoxazines. The present results suggest that Phx-1, Phx-2, and, in particular, Phx-3 may be useful as therapeutic agents against ATL, which is extremely refractory to current therapies.<br>

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