The First Life Science Experiments in ISS: Reports of "Rad Gene"-Space Radiation Effects on Human Cultured Cells-

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  • Takahashi Akihisa
    Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
  • Nagamatsu Aiko
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
  • Su Xiaoming
    Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
  • Suzuki Masao
    Heavy-ion Radiobiology Research Group, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anakawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
  • Tsuruoka Chizuru
    Heavy-ion Radiobiology Research Group, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anakawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
  • Omori Katsunori
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
  • Suzuki Hiromi
    Japan Space Forum, 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
  • Shimazu Toru
    Japan Space Forum, 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
  • Seki Masaya
    Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
  • Hashizume Toko
    Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
  • Iwasaki Toshiyasu
    Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry of Japan, 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
  • Ishioka Noriaki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
  • Ohnishi Takeo
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan

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Abstract

To clarify the biological effects of space environment, especially space radiations, a proposal of "Rad Gene" was performed as the first life science experiment with two human lymphoblastoid cell lines bearing wild-type p53 gene (wtp53) and mutated p53 gene (mp53) in an International Space Station (ISS) for 133 days. We scheduled four projects: (1) DNA damage induced by space radiations including the high linear energy transfer (LET) particles was detected as a track of γH2AX foci in the nuclei of these frozen cells. (2) To examine the biological effects of microgravity and space radiations on gene and protein expression of p53-dependent regulated genes, these cells were grown under microgravity and 1 gravity in ISS, and on ground for 8 days and analyzed by DNA and protein arrays. (3) p53-Dependent regulated genes were analyzed in the cultured cells after spaceflight at frozen state exposed to space radiations. (4) To clarify the effects of space radiations on the radio-adaptive response, the space flown cells at frozen state were cultured, and then exposed to challenging X-ray-irradiation. All of the radio-adaptive responses of cell killing, apoptosis, chromosomal aberrations and mutations were found only in wtp53 cells, but not in the mp53 cells.

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