Pigment‐dispersing factor affects circadian molecular oscillations in the cricket <i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Pigment‐dispersing factor (PDF) is an important neurotransmitter in insect circadian systems. In the cricket <jats:italic>Gryllus bimaculatus</jats:italic>, it affects nocturnal activity, the free‐running period and photic entrainment. In this study, to investigate whether these effects of PDF occur through a circadian molecular machinery, we measured mRNA levels of clock genes period (<jats:italic>per</jats:italic>) and timeless (<jats:italic>tim</jats:italic>) in crickets with <jats:italic>pdf</jats:italic> expression knocked‐down by <jats:italic>pdf</jats:italic> RNAi. The <jats:italic>pdf</jats:italic> RNAi decreased <jats:italic>per</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>tim</jats:italic> mRNA levels during the night to reduce the amplitude of their oscillation. The phase of the rhythm advanced by about 4 h in terms of trough and/or peak phases. On the other hand, <jats:italic>pdf</jats:italic> mRNA levels were little affected by <jats:italic>per</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>tim</jats:italic> RNAi treatment. These results suggest that PDF affects the circadian rhythm at least in part through the circadian molecular oscillation while the circadian clock has little effect on the <jats:italic>pdf</jats:italic> expression.</jats:p>

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