Product of Heart Rate and First Heart Sound Amplitude as an Index of Myocardial Metabolic Stress During Graded Exercise

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  • Tanaka Hiroaki
    Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
  • Matsuda Takuro
    Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
  • Tobina Takuro
    Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
  • Yamada Yousuke
    Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
  • Yamagishi Tamiharu
    Nagasaki Heart Clinic
  • Sakai Hideaki
    Nagasaki Heart Clinic
  • Obara Shigeru
    Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima
  • Higaki Yasuki
    Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
  • Kiyonaga Akira
    Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
  • Brubaker Peter H.
    Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University

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Abstract

Background: The double product (DP) breakpoint of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure has been identified as coincident with anaerobic threshold (AT), but there are no simple methods for measuring cardiac metabolic stress (CMS) during an exercise test. It was hypothesized that the DP of HR and the amplitude of the first heart sound (AHS1) (DP-AHS1) would reflect CMS, and thus, the breakpoint in the DP-AHS1 (DPBP-AHS1) could be an alternative method for determining AT. Methods and Results: Subjects (age range, 18–73 years) were recruited to perform a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer with continuous monitoring of DP-AHS1, with left ventricular pressure (LVP; experiment 1, Ex1), plasma catecholamine and blood lactate (experiment 2, Ex2) and gas exchange (experiment 3, Ex3). Ex1: in all subjects there was a strong correlation between AHS1 and LVdP/dtmax (r=0.94–0.98), and between the DP-AHS1 and the triple product of HR, LVdP/dtmax, and max LVP (r=0.98–0.99). Ex2: DP-AHS1 was strongly correlated with adrenaline (r=0.97–1.00) and lactate (r=0.96–1.00) levels in all subjects. Ex3: there was a strong correlation between DPBP-AHS1, AT and maximum oxygen consumption. Conclusions: The present simple measure of DP-AHS1 can reflect plasma adrenaline and lactate levels during graded exercise testing. Further, DPBP-AHS1 is a surrogate marker of AT and a good index of functional aerobic capacity.  (Circ J 2013; 77: 2736–2741)<br>

Journal

  • Circulation Journal

    Circulation Journal 77 (11), 2736-2741, 2013

    The Japanese Circulation Society

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