ウリミバエとミカンコミバエの日本および近接温帯地生息の可否について

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  • Possible Distribution and Establishment of Two Species of Tropical Fruit Flies, Melon Fly and Oriental Fruit Fly, in Japan and Its Adjacent Temperate Countries
  • ウリミバエ ト ミカンコミバエ ノ ニホン オヨビ キンセツ オンタイチ セイソク ノ カヒ ニ ツイテ 2
  • II. Total Sum of Effective Temperatures for Development and Reproduction, Cold Death with or without Food and Their Relations to the Distribution to Japan and the Other Oriental Countries
  • 第2報 両ミバエの発育生殖積算温度,低温致死日数ならびに飢餓生存日数と東洋温帯地に対する関係

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1. Total sums of effective temperatures for the completion of whole life cycle (from the beginning of egg period to the first oviposition of the adult) are 650 degree-days for Dacus cucurbitae and 610 for D. dorsalis. Both values are constant in the temperature range between 15° and 30°. Judging from these values the number of generations during the temperate season of a year may be expected to be one or two in Korea, North-China and in the northern half of the mainland of Japan, and two or three in its southern half.<br>2. Eggs, maggots and pupae all die of cold within 40∼55 days at the constant temperatures below 8°, within 40∼50 days at varying temperatures below 11°, and within 50∼60 days at temperatures falling gradually to 8°. The latter two temperatures are those actually found in the cold season of the year of the temperate climates.<br>3. Adult flies can live about 100 days at the constant temperatures between 9° and 25°, but cannot survive much longer than 30 days at temperatures below 8°. Under the alternating low temperautres consisting of average daytime and night temperatures of winter in Japan the flies can maintain their natural longevity, if the mean degree is higher than 9° at which the flies display feeding activity. When night temperatures are lower than 8°, especially lower than 0°, their durations of life are exceedingly shorter than those found at the constant temperatures of the same degrees regardless of the daytime temperatures. If the flies are exposed to the winter temperatures of west-southern Japan through passing a series of temperatures falling gradually from autumn to winter starting from the autumn temperatures of Formosa they will not live much longer than 100∼160 days in D. c. or 80∼125 days in D. d., when the exposures begin from September to November and 40∼50 days in the case started from December. Through such gradual exposures the cold-hardiness could be enlarged about 1.5 times in comparison with that found in the sudden one, whereas in all the cases the flies died until the end of February.<br>Critical temperatures for copulation and oviposition could not be changed by such gradual exposures.<br>4. Eggs, larvae and pupae will be unable to pass the winter and killed in the period between December and March throughout Japan and its neighbouring countries except southern islands such as Ryukyu, Ogasawara and Izu. Imagines seem to be unable to hibernate in Korea, north-east China, Saghalien, Hokkaido and in all the localities of the mainland of Japan north of Kanto district where the mean night temperatures of winter are below 0°. In the southern half of Japan where average temperatures are higher than 0° at night or higher than 9° during daytime, however, the overwintering may not always be impossible.<br>5. No larva can maintain life without partaking of food over 30 days at the constant temperatures ranging between 0° and 36°, the longest survival taking place at 10∼12° which are the lowest temperatures of larval feeding activity.<br>6. Without food, adult flies die within 30 days at the constant temperatures ranging between -6° and 36°, and within 20 days at temperatures below 8°. The longest survival occurs at 10∼12° and the lowest temperature for taking food is 9°.<br>If the flies are supplied at least with water, the life durations are extended considerably. The maximum survival of 70 days takes place at 14°. In the temperature range lower than 8° the durations are within 20 days. No difference is found in the longevity between at the varying and at the constant temperatures of the same degrees with each other. Also there is no difference in the longevity between individuals supplied with water and completety without food, when the temperatures are higher than 18°.<br>7. If food is completely unavailable

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