1988年の梅雨前線に沿って発生したメソスケール降雨帯の2台のドップラーレーダーによる解析 : 運動学的構造と維持過程について Dual Doppler Radar Analysis of an Intense Mesoscale Rainband Generated along the Baiu Front in 1988 : Its Kinematical Structure and Maintenance Process
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- 石原 正仁 [他] ISHIHARA Masahito
- 気象庁観測部 Observations Department, Japan Meteorological Agency
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- 藤吉 康志 FUJIYOSI Yasushi
- 名古屋大学大気水圏科学研究所 Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University
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- 田畑 明 TABATA Akira
- 気象庁予報部 Forecast Department, JMA
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- 榊原 均 SAKAKIBARA Hitoshi
- 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute
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- 赤枝 健治 AKAEDA Kenji
- 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute
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- 岡村 博文 OKAMURA Hirobumi
- 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute
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Author(s)
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- 石原 正仁 [他] ISHIHARA Masahito
- 気象庁観測部 Observations Department, Japan Meteorological Agency
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- 藤吉 康志 FUJIYOSI Yasushi
- 名古屋大学大気水圏科学研究所 Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University
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- 田畑 明 TABATA Akira
- 気象庁予報部 Forecast Department, JMA
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- 榊原 均 SAKAKIBARA Hitoshi
- 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute
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- 赤枝 健治 AKAEDA Kenji
- 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute
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- 岡村 博文 OKAMURA Hirobumi
- 気象研究所 Meteorological Research Institute
Abstract
「集中豪雨のメカニズムと予測に関する研究」の一環として1988年の梅雨期に九州北部を中心として実施された特別観測期間中に、梅雨前線に沿ってメソスケール降雨帯が発生し、最大総降水量178mmの大雨が発生した。2台のドップラーレーダーによる観測結果をもとに、この降雨帯のレーダーエコーと循環の3次元構造を解析し、その構造と維持過程を中心に議論する。降雨帯は1988年7月17日に発生し、7時間維持された。発生環境を見ると、大気下層の水平温度傾度が大きくはなく、熱力学的不安定度は熱帯と中緯度の中間であった。降雨帯の長さは170kmに達し、内部は対流性領域と層状性領域から構成されていた。降雨帯の走向は北西-南東であり、大気中層と下層の間の風の鉛直シヤーとほぼ平行であった。対流性領域にある既存の対流セルは降雨帯の走向に沿って移動し、周囲の南西風が入り込む降雨帯の南西端に新しい対流セルが次々と発生した。降雨帯の中には次のような特徴的な流れが確認された。:1)降雨帯の前部にある対流規模上昇流、2)降雨が最も強い領域にある対流性下降流、3)後部中層のエコーのノッチ(切れ目)からの乾燥空気の流入、4)この後部流入に接続するメソ下降流、5)対流規模下降流の下の大気最下層の前方と後方に進む発散流。これら最下層の発散流は周囲より4℃程度低温の寒気プールを作り、この寒気プールと降雨帯前方の暖湿な南西流との間にガストフロントが作られた。降雨帯後方にあった中層の総観規模の乾燥域は、最下層の暖湿気流とともに、降雨帯を維持するために重要な役割を果たした。高層データによると、雨滴の蒸発冷却によると思われる低温域が対流規模下降流とメソ下降流の中に存在した。後部流入にともなう乾燥空気は対流性領域の最下層まで達していた。こうした熱力学特徴は、ドップラーレーダー解析から得られた運動学的構造とよく適合した。降雨帯は中緯度の前線帯に発生したとはいえ、対流圏下層に限れば降雨帯の前後の熱力学的条件の差異は非常に小さかった。この降雨帯は、西ヨーロッパや北米太平洋岸の寒帯前線にともなって観測されるメソ対流システムよりも、熱帯や中緯度のスコールラインのような「自立型対流システム」に属するであろう。
During the Baiu Front Heavy Rainfall Experiment in 1988, a mesoscale rainband was generated along the Baiu front and heavy rainfall up to 178 mm occurred. Based mainly on dual Doppler radar observations, we have analyzed the three-dimensional configuration of radar echo and the circulation in the rainband and will describe its structure, focusing on its kinematical features and on the maintenance process. The mesoscale rainband was generated on 17 July 1988 and was maintained for 7 hours in an environment in which the low-level horizontal temperature gradient was not intense and the thermodynamic instability was between that of the tropics and the midlatitudes. The rainband was 170 km long and consisted of a convective region and a trailing stratiform region. The orientation of the rainband was from the northwest to the southeast, being nearly parallel to the vertical wind shear between middle levels and lower levels. While existing convective-cells in the convective region moved along the rainband, new convective cells were successively formed at its southwestern edge where the low-level environmental wind entered the rainband . There were found several specific flows in the rainband : 1) a convective-scale updraft located at the front part of the rainband, 2) a convective-scale downdraft at the heaviest rainfall region, 3) a middle-level rear inflow with dry air from a reflectivity notch, 4) a mesoscale downdraft extending from the rear inflow, and 5) forward and backward divergent flows at the lowest level below the convective-scale downdraft. The lowest divergence flows produced a cold pool that was ~4℃ colder than the environment, and a gust front was formed between the cold pool and the moist, warm southwesterly flow ahead of the rainband. The synoptic-scale dry layer in middle levels behind the rainband had an important role in driving the rainband, as well as the moist warm air at the lowest level ahead of the rainband. Upper sounding data showed that a negative temperature deviation, which was made by evaporative cooling of precipitation particles, existed in the convective-scale downdraft and the mesoscale downdraft. The dry layer associated with the rear inflow reached the lowest level of the convective region. These thermodynamic features are consistent with the kinematical structure deduced from the Doppler radar analysis . The rainband was generated in a midlatidude frontal zone, but in the lower troposphere the difference of thermodynamic conditions between ahead of and behind the rainband was very small, as in the tropics. The rainband could be called a 'selFmaintaining convective system' as well as tropical or midlatitude squall lines, rather than mesoscale systems as observed along the polar fronts of Western Europe or the Pacific coast of North America.
Journal
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- Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan
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Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 73(2), 139-163, 1995-04-25
Meteorogical Society of Japan
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